تغییرپذیری زمانی تولید رواناب تحت تأثیر شیب در خاک‌های با بافت مختلف

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس شرکت مادر تخصصی مدیریت منابع آب ایران

2 دانشیار گروه خاک‌شناسی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان

3 استاد پژوهش سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، وزارت جهاد کشاورزی

چکیده

زمان آغاز و شدت تولید مشخصه‌هایی از رواناب بوده که تحت تأثیر تغییرات خصوصیات فیزیکی خاک طی زمان بارندگی قرار می‌گیرند. شدت تغییرات زمانی این مشخصه‌ها بسته به بافت خاک و شیب سطح می‌تواند تغییر کند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تغییرات زمانی تولید رواناب در خاک‌های با بافت لوم‌رسی، لوم و لوم‌شنی در شیب‌های 5، 10، 15، 25 و 30 درجه تحت باران شبیه‌سازی شده با شدت 40 میلی‌متر در ساعت در شرایط آزمایشگاهی به انجام رسید. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که بافت خاک و شیب سطح اثر معنی‌داری بر زمان آغاز (05/0>P) و شدت تولید رواناب (05/0>P) دارد. زمان آغاز رواناب در خاک لوم رسی کمترین (16 دقیقه) و در خاک لوم شنی بیشترین (46 دقیقه) است. زمان آغاز رواناب به ‌شدت تحت تأثیر شیب بوده و با افزایش شیب به ‌صورت معنی‌داری کاهش یافت (01/0>P). روابطی معنی‌دار و منفی بین شیب و زمان آغاز رواناب در خاک لوم‌رسی (86/0=2R)، لوم (86/0=2R) و لوم‌شنی (98/0=2R) مشاهده شد (01/0>P). بیشترین تأثیر شیب بر کاهش زمان آغاز رواناب در خاک لوم شنی (63 درصد) و کمترین آن در خاک لوم رسی (28 درصد) مشاهده شد. روابطی معنی‌دار و مثبت بین شیب و شدت تولید رواناب در خاک لوم‌رسی (89/0=2R)، لوم (95/0=2R) و لوم‌شنی (94/0=2R) مشاهده شد (01/0>P). نقش شیب در افزایش تولید رواناب در خاک لوم رسی (19 درصد) بیشترین و در خاک لوم کمترین (15 درصد) است. الگوی تغییرات زمانی رواناب طی بارندگی تحت تأثیر بافت خاک و درجه شیب قرار گرفت. افزایش تدریجی رطوبت خاک و تخریب شدید ساختمان خاک دلایل افزایش رواناب در زمان‌های اولیه بارندگی در خاک لوم رسی می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Temporal variability of runoff production under slope gradients in different soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mojtaba Kord 1
  • Alireza Vaezi 2
  • Mohammad Hosein Mahdian 3
1
2
3
چکیده [English]

Initiation time and production rate are the major runoff characteristics which can be affected by the changes of soil physical properties during rainfall. Temporal variation of these characteristics could be controlled by soil texture and slope gradient. This study was carried out to investigate temporal variation of runoff in both different soil textures those of clay loam, loam, and sandy loam and various slopes (5, 10, 15, 25(and 30) under a 40 mm h-1simulated rainfall in the lab. Soil texture and slope steepness were the important factors influencing runoff initiation time (P<0.01) and production rate (P<0.01).Clay loam appeared the lowest runoff initiation time (16 min) whereas sandy loam showed the longest time (46 min). Runoff initiation time was negatively affected with increasing slope gradient. Significant relationships were observed between runoff initiation time and slope gradient in clay loam (R2=0.86), loam (R2=0.86) and sandy loam (R2= 0.98). The highest effect of slope gradient on decreasing runoff initiation time was in sandy loam (63%) while clay loam showed the lowest value (28%). Significant relationships were found between runoff production and slope in clay loam (R2=0.89), loam (R2=0.95) and sandy loam (R2= 0.94). Runoff temporal variation pattern were strongly varied among the soils in the slope gradients. Runoff steadily increased in clay loam during initial rainfall times. This temporal variation of runoff was due to increasing water content and disruption of structure.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Simulated rainfall
  • Runoff initiation time
  • Disruption of soil structure
  • Runoff production rate
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