اثر بیوچارهای مختلف بر غلظت کربن‌آلی، نیتروژن، فسفر و فعالیت آنزیمی یک خاک لوم شنی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران.

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی اثر بیوچارهای مختلف بر غلظت کربن‌آلی، نیتروژن، فسفر و فعالیت آنزیمی، آزمایشی به‌صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. از بیوچارها در 10درصد وزنی استفاده گردید. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل خاک شاهد (CS)، خاک + بیوچار کود مرغی (PMB)، خاک+بیوچار ضایعات انگور (GSB) و خاک+ بیوچار پوسته قهوه‌ایی گردو (NSB) بود. نمونه‌ها به مدت دو ماه انکوباسیون و در زمان‌های 5، 10، 30 و 60 روز نمونه‌برداری انجام و برخی ویژگی‌های شیمیایی و فعالیت‌های آنزیمی در خاک اندازه-گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد تیمار PMB و GSB موجب افزایش معنی‌دار غلظت کربن‌آلی، فسفر قابل‌جذب و آمونیوم در خاک در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد شد. بیشترین غلظت نیترات در تیمار GSB مشاهده گردید. غلظت فسفر قابل‌جذب و نیترات با افزایش زمان انکوباسیون افزایش و غلظت کربن‌آلی و آمونیوم با افزایش زمان انکوباسیون کاهش یافت. غلظت آنزیم اینورتاز در تیمار PMB و GSB با شاهد اختلاف معنی‌دار داشت. بیشترین فعالیت اینورتاز در تیمار PMB (76.8 μg. GE. g-1. 24h-1) پس از 5 روز انکوباسیون مشاهده شد. افزودن تیمار GSB به خاک موجب افزایش 7/1 برابری فعالیت آنزیم اوره‌آز در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد شد. میانگین فعالیت آنزیم (GMEa) و شاخص کل فعالیت آنزیم (TEI) در تیمار GSB در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها بیشتر بود. درصد تغییرات آنزیم (Rch) با در نظر گرفتن تاثیر بیوچار، به صورت GSB> PMB> NSB بود. در تجزیه و تحلیل خوشه‌ای تیمار GSB و PMB در یک خوشه قرار گرفتند. در نتیجه تیمار GSB و PMB بیشترین تاثیر را بر فاکتورهای اندازه‌گیری شده داشتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of different biochars on the concentration of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and enzyme activity of a sandy loam soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Khadigeh Rostami
  • Zahra varasteh khanlari
  • Mahboubeh Zarabi
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer. Iran
چکیده [English]

To investigate the effect of biochars on the concentration of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and enzyme activity, an experiment was conducted. Biochars were used at 10%. The experimental treatments CS, PMB, GSB and NSB. The samples were incubated for two months and sampling was done on days of 5, 10, 30 and 60. The results showed that the application of PMB and GSB caused a significant increase in organic carbon, available phosphorus and ammonium in the soil compared to CS. The highest nitrate was observed in GSB. The concentration of available phosphorus and nitrate increased with increasing incubation time, and organic carbon and ammonium decreased with increasing incubation time. The results showed that the use of PMB and GSB caused a significant increase in organic carbon, available phosphorus and ammonium in the biochar-amended soils. The highest nitrate concentration was observed in GSB. Available phosphorus and nitrate increased with increasing incubation time, and organic carbon and ammonium decreased with increasing incubation time. The concentration of invertase in PMB and GSB was significantly different from CS. The peak of invertase activity was observed in PMB at 5 days of incubation. Adding GSB to the soil increased the activity of urease by 1.7 times compared to CS. GMEa and TEI were higher in GSB compared to other treatments. Rch was as follows: GSB > PMB > NSB. In cluster analysis, GSB and PMB were placed in one cluster. The results showed that GSB and PMB had the greatest effect on the measured factors.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • acid and alkaline phosphatase
  • enzyme change percentage (Rch)
  • average enzyme activity (GMEa)

The effect of different biochars on the concentration of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and enzyme activity of a sandy loam soil

EXTEDED ABSTRACT

 

Background and purpose:

Today, various modifiers are used to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and increase its nutrients. Common amendments used in agriculture include fertilizers, animal waste, plant residues, gypsum, sulfur and biochar. In recent years, the use of biochars as a soil conditioner for agricultural lands has been suggested. The benefits of biochars include increasing crop yield, preserving nutrients, soil water holding capacity and carbon sequestration, minimizing nutrient runoff, reducing leaching losses, and improving the structure of the microbial community. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of different biochars on the concentration of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and enzyme activity of a sandy loam soil.

Materials and methods:

In order to investigate the effect of different biochars on the concentration of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and enzyme activity of a sandy loam soil, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in three replications. Biochars were used at 10% (          w/w). The experimental treatments included control soil (CS), soil + poultry manure biochar (PMB), soil + grape waste biochar (GSB) and soil + brown walnut shell biochar (NSB). The samples were incubated at 25 ± 3 °C for about two months. During the incubation period, soil moisture contents in treatments were kept constant (70% FC) by adding distilled water to the samples. Sampling was done on days 5, 10, 30 and 60 and the concentration of organic carbon, available phosphorus, ammonium and Nitrate and activity of invertase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and urease were measured. The percentage of enzyme changes (Rch) and the total enzyme activity index (TEI) were calculated and in order to create a data set from these parameters, the factor analysis method and the principal component analysis method were used.

Findings:

The results showed that the use of PMB and GSB treatment caused a significant increase in the concentration of organic carbon, available phosphorus and ammonium in the soil compared to the CS treatment. The highest nitrate concentration was observed in GSB treatment. The concentration of available phosphorus and nitrate increased with increasing incubation time, and the concentration of organic carbon and ammonium decreased with increasing incubation time. The concentration of invertase enzyme in PMB and GSB treatment was significantly different from the control. The peak of invertase activity was observed in PMB treatment at 5 days of incubation (76.8 μg. GE. g-1. 24h-1). Adding GSB treatment to the soil increased the activity of urease enzyme by 1.7 times compared to the control treatment. Average enzyme activity (GMEa) and total enzyme activity index (TEI) were higher in GSB treatment compared to other treatments. Considering the effect of biochar, the percentage of enzyme changes (Rch) was as follows: GSB > PMB > NSB. Using principal component analysis (PCA) in this study showed that two factors accounted for more than 80% of the variance in organic carbon values, ammonium, alkaline phosphatase, invertase and urease and explained more than 70% of the variance in phosphate and nitrate values. These parameters show the highest estimate of commonality and acid phosphatase showed the least relative importance among the estimation of commonality values. In cluster analysis, GSB and PMB treatment were placed in one cluster.

Conclusion:

The results showed that GSB and PMB treatment had the greatest effect on the measured factors.

Ayoubi, S., Khormali, F., Sahrawat, K.L. and Rodrigues de Lima, A.C. (2011). Assessing Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Quality Indicators in a Loessial Soil in Golestan Province, Iran. Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology. 13 (5): 727-742. (In Persian)
Bailey, V.L., Fansler, S.J., Smith, J.L. and Bolton, H. (2010). Reconciling apparent variability in effects of biochar amendment on soil enzyme activities by assay optimization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 43(2), 296–301.
Brejda, J.I., Moorman, T.B., Karlen, D.L. and Dao, T.H. (2000). Identification of Regional Soil Quality Factors and Indicators. I. Central and Southern High Plains. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 64, 2115-2124.
Chaer, G., Fernandes, M., Myrold, D. and Bottomley, P. (2009). Comparative resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities and enzyme activities in adjacent native forest and agricultural soils. Microbial Ecology. 58, 414–424.
Chantigny, M.H., Angers, D.A., Prévost, D., Simard, R.R. and Chalifour, F.P. (1999). Dynamics of soluble organic C and C mineralization in cultivated soils with varying N fertilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 31: 4. 543-550.
Chen, S., Qi, G., Ma, G. and Zhao, X. (2020). Biochar amendment controlled bacterial wilt through changing soil chemical properties and microbial community. Microbiological research. 231, 1-9.
Cui, L., Yan, J., Yang, Y., Li, L., Quan, G., Ding, C., Chen, T., Fu, Q. and Chang, A. (2013). Biochar for heavy metals in soil. Bioresources. 8: 5536-5548.
Dangi, S., Gao, S., Duan, Y. and Wang, D. (2020). Soil microbial community structure affected by biochar and fertilizer sources. Applied Soil Ecology. 150, 103452.
Foster, E.J., Hansen, N., Wallenstein, M. and Cotrufo, M.F. (2016). Biochar and manure amendments impact soil nutrients and microbial enzymatic activities in a semi-arid irrigated maize cropping system. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 233, 404-414.
Garbuz, S., Camps-Arbestain, M., MacKay, A., DeVantier, B. and Minor, M. (2020). The interactions between biochar and earthworms, and their influence on soil properties and clover growth: a 6-month mesocosm experiment. Applied Soil Ecology. 147, 103402.
Garbuz, S., Mackay, A., Camps-Arbestain, M., DeVantier, B. and Minor, M. (2021). Biochar amendment improves soil physico-chemical properties and alters root biomass and the soil food web in grazed pastures. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 319, 107517.
Gee, C.W. and Bauder, J.W. (1986). Particle size analysis. In: A. Klute. (Ed), Methods of soil analysis. Part, Physical and mineralogical methods. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 383-411.
Goloran, J.B., Philips, I.R., Xu, Z.H., Condron, L.M. and Chen, C.R. (2014). Effects of amendments and fertilization on plant growth, nitrogen and phosphorus availability in rehabilitated highly alkaline bauxite-processing residue sand. Soil use manage. 30, 198-208.
Haddad, S.A. and Lemanowicz, J. (2021). Benefits of corn-cob biochar to the microbial and enzymatic activity of soybean plants grown in soils contaminated with heavy metals. Energies. 14, 5763.
Holík, L., Hlisnikovský, L., Honzík, R., Trögl, J., Burdová, H. and Popelka, J. (2019). Soil microbial communities and enzyme activities after long-term application of inorganic and organic fertilizers at different depths of the soil profile. Sustainability. 11, 3251.
Jing, Y., Zhang, Y., Han, I., Wang, P., Mei, Q. and Huang, Y. (2020). Effects of different straw biochars on soil organic carbon, nitrogen, available phosphorus, and enzyme activity in paddy soil. Scientific Reports. 10:8837 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65796-2
Jones, B. J. R. (2001). Laboratory guide for conducting soil test and plant analysis. NewYork: Crc. P. 384
Kazemi, A.R., Varasteh Khanlari, Z. and Zarabi, M. (2023). Investigating the release of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from biocharsof grape waste, straw and wheat stubble and walnut shell. Iranian Journal of soil and water research. 54 (9): 1286-1299. (In Persian)
Kong, F., Ling, X., Iqbal, B., Zhou, Z. and Meng, Y. (2021). Soil phosphorus availability and cotton growth affected by biochar addition under two phosphorus fertilizer levels. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 69(1), 18-31.
Kookana, R.S., Sarmah, A.K., Van Zwieten, L., Krull, E. and Singh, B. (2011). Biochar Application to Soil: Agronomic and Environmental Benefits and Unintended Consequences. Advances in Agronomy Journal. 112: 103-143.
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M.C., Thies, J., Masiello, C.A., Hockaday, W.C. and Crowley, D. (2011). Biochar effects on soil biota-a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 43(9), 1812–1836.
Lemanowicz, J., Gawli´ nska, K. and Siwik-Ziomek, A. (2021). Impact of technogenic saline soils on some chemical properties and on the activity of selected enzymes. Energies. 14, 4882.
Lemanowicz, J., Haddad, S.A., Bartkowiak, A., Lamparski, R. and Wojewódzki, P. (2020). The role of an urban park’s tree stand in shaping the enzymatic activity, glomalin content and physicochemical properties of soil. Science of the Total Environment. 1, 140446.
Liu, C.W., Lin, K.H. and Kuo, Y.M. (2003). Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment. 313, 77–89.
Masto, R.E., Kumar, S., Rout, T.K., Sarkar, P., George, J. and Ram, L.C. (2013). Biochar from water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) and its impact on soil biological activity. Catena. 111: 64-71.
McHenry, M.P. (2009). Agricultural bio-char production, renewable energy generation and farm carbon sequestration in Western Australia: Certainty, uncertainty and risk. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 129 (1-3), 1-7.
Mierzwa-Hersztek, M., Gondek, K., Klimkowicz-Pawlas, A., Chmiel, M.J., Dziedzic, K. and Taras, H. (2019). Assessment of soil quality after biochar application based on enzymatic activity and microbial composition. International Agrophysics. 33, 331–336.
Motileji, S., Landi, A. and Zalaghi, R. (2019). Effects of application of filter cake, biochar and PGPR bacteria as organic and bio-fertilizers on some soil quality indices and wheat growth. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable. 9 (1): 151-163. (In Persian)
Nelson, R.E. (1982). Carbonate and gypsum. In: page, A.L: Miller, R.H; and Keeney, D.R. Methods of soil analysis. Part2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd Ed). Agronomy monograph. No.9. ASA. PP: 181-196.
Olsen, S.R. and Sommmers, L.E. (1982). Phosphorus. In: Miller, A.L., Methods of soil analysis, part 2. Chemical and mineralogical properties (2nd Ed). Agronomy series NO.9. SSSAJ, USA. pp. 403-430.
Paz-Ferreiro, J., Gasco, G., Gutiérrez, B. and Méndez, A. (2012). Soil biochemical activities and the geometric mean of enzyme activities after application of sewage sludge and sewage sludge biochar to soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 48(5), 511–517.
Picariello, E., Baldantoni, D., Muniategui-Lorenzo, S., Concha-Graña, E. and De Nicola, F. (2021). A synthetic quality index to evaluate the functional stability of soil microbial communities after perturbations. Ecological Indicators. 128, 107844.
Pierzynski, G. M. (2000). Methods of phosphorus analysis for soils, sediments, residuals, and waters.
Qambrani, N.A., Rahman, M.M., Won, S., Shim, S. and Ra, C. (2017). Biochar properties and ecofriendly applications for climate change mitigation, waste management, and wastewater treatment: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review. 79, 255-273.
Rowell, D.L. (1994). Soil Science: Methods and Applications. Longman Group, London.
Sajal, R. and Abul Kashem, M.D. (2014). Effects of organic manures in changes of some soil properties at different incubation periods. Open Journal of Soil Science. 4, 81-86.
Schinner, F., Öhlinger, R., Kandeler, E. and Margesin, R. (2012). Methods in soil biology: Springer Science & business media.
Song, D., Xi, X., Huang, S., Liang, G., Sun, J., Zhou, W. and Wang, X. (2016). Short-term responses of soil respiration and C-cycle enzyme activities to additions of biochar and urea in a calcareous soil. PloS one. 11(9), e0161694.
Tan, K.H. (2005). Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis. CRC Press.
Tan, X., Xie, B., Wang, J., He, W., Wang, X. and Wei, G. (2014).  County-scale spatial distribution of soil enzyme activities and enzyme activitynindices in agricultural land: Implications for soil quality assessment. The Science World Journal. 535768.
Xiao, X., Chen, B., Chen, Z., Zhu, L. and Schnoor, J. L. (2018). Insight into multiple and multi-level structures of biochars and their potential environmental applications: a critical review. Environmental Science & Technology. 52, 5027–5047.
Wang, X., Song, D., Liang, G., Zhang, Q., Ai, C. and Zhou, W. (2015). Maize biochar addition rate influences soil enzyme activity and microbial community composition in a fluvo-aquic soil. Applied Soil Ecology. 96, 265–272.
Wojewodzki, P., Lemanowicz, J., Debska, B., Haddad, S.A. and Tobiasova, E. (2023). The Application of Biochar from Waste Biomass to Improve Soil Fertility and Soil Enzyme Activity and Increase Carbon Sequestration. Energies. 16, 380.
Wojewodzki, P., Lemanowicz, J., Debska, B. and Haddad. (2022). Soil Enzyme Activity Response under the Amendment of Different Types of Biochar. Agronomy. 12, 569.
Wu, S., Zhang,  Y., Tan, Q., Sun, X., Wei, W. and Hu, C. (2020). Biochar is superior to lime in improving acidic soil properties and fruit quality of Satsuma mandarin. Science of The Total Environment. 714, 136722.
Yang, H., Du, T., Qiu, R., Chen, J., Wang, F., Li, Y., Wang, C., Ga, L. and Kang, S. (2017). Improved Water Use Efficiency and Fruit Quality of Greenhouse Crops under Regulated Deficit Irrigation in Northwest China. Agric. Water Manage. 179, 193–204.doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2016.05.029
Yao, R.J., Yang, J.S., Zhao, X.F., Li, X.M. and Liu, M.X. (2013). Determining minimum data set for soil quality assessment of typical salt-affected farmland in the coastal reclamation area Soil and Tillage esearch. 128, 137–148.
Yao, T., Zhang, W., Gulaqa, A., Cui, Y., Zhou, Y., Weng, W., Wang, X., Liu, Q. and Jin, F. (2021). Effects of peanut shell biochar on soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity, and rice yield
Zhang, M., Cheng, G., Feng, H., Sun, B., Zhao, Y., Chen, H. and Zhang, A. (2017). Effects of straw and biochar amendments on aggregate stability, soil organic carbon, and enzyme activities in the Loess Plateau, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 24, 10108-10120.
Zheng, Y., Han, X., Li, Y., Yang, J., Li, N. and An, N. (2019). Effects of Biochar and Straw Application on the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Paddy Soils in Northeast China. Scientific reports. 9(1), 1–11.
Zhu, X., Chen, B., Zhu, L. and Xing, B. (2017). Effects and mechanisms of biochar-microbe interactions in soil improvement and pollution remediation: a review. Environmental Pollution. 227, 98–115.