منشأ یخچالی کربنات‌ها در افق‌های کلسیک و پتروکلسیک خاک‌های تشکیل‌شده بر روی نهشته‌های یخچالی دامنه جنوبی رشته کوه البرز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک-پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

انحلال دی‌اکسیدکربن در آب، یکی از منابع کربنات‌های خاک می‌باشد که با دمای آب رابطه معکوس دارد. منشأ کربنات‌های خاکساخت تشکیل‌یافته در رسوبات یخچالی و تأثیر فرآیندهای یخچالی بر تشکیل آن‌ها بررسی شد. این مطالعه در سال 1400 در استان البرز انجام گرفت و هشت خاک‌رخ در منطقه کرج و هشتگرد با کاربری مرتع و اقلیم نیمه‌خشک تشریح و نمونه‌برداری شدند. مواد مادری خاک‌رخ‌های مورد مطالعه، رسوبات یخچالی آبرفتی می‌باشند. خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی 27 نمونه برداشت‌شده از افق‌های ژنتیکی خاک‌رخ‌ها شامل بافت خاک (قبل و بعد از حذف کربنات‌ها) با روش هیدرومتر،pH  وEC  در عصاره اشباع، کربن آلی به روش والکلی-بلک، کربنات کلسیم معادل (CCE)  با روش کلسیمتری و ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (CEC) با روش استات آمونیوم اندازه‌گیری شدند. تشریح و رده‌بندی خاک‌ها براساس سامانه رده‌بندی آمریکایی انجام شد. مطالعه میکرومورفولوژی نمونه‌های دست‌نخورده (قبل و بعد از حذف کربنات‌ها)، پس از تلقیح نمونه‌ها با رزین پلی‌استر، برش و سایش و چسباندن بر روی لام‌های شیشه‌ای و کاهش ضخامت به حدود ۳۰ میکرون انجام شد. آنالیز تصاویر با میکروسکوپ پلاریزان و تشریح و تفسیر نتایج بر اساس راهنمای تشریح مقاطع نازک صورت پذیرفت. نتایج نشان داد که افق‌های پتروکلسیک تشکیل‌شده بر روی تیل‌ها و مورن‌های یخچالی، حاصل نفوذ درازمدت آب سرد غنی از کربنات محلول در درون خاک است. این مدل تشکیل کربنات‌های ثانویه در خاک با سایر مدل‌هایی که عمدتاً منشأ تشکیل کربنات‌ها را انحلال و تبلور مجدد کربنات‌های اولیه و یا تنفس زیستی ریشه و موجودات زنده می‌داند، متفاوت است. این تحقیق ثابت کرد که انحلال دی‌اکسیدکربن در آب سرد یکی از منابع کربنات‌ها در خاک است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The glacial origin of carbonates in the calcic and petrocalcic horizons of the soils developed on glacial deposits in the southern Alborz Mountain slope

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Heidari 1
  • Abbas Kordpour Kermanshahi 1
  • Alireza Raheb 2
1 Department of Soil Science, ّFaculty of Agriculture. University of Tehran
2 soil science department-University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

The dissolution of carbon dioxide in water is one of the sources of soil carbonates, which have an inverse relationship with water temperature. The origin of soil-forming carbonates formed in glacial sediments, and the effect of glacial processes on their formation were investigated. This study was conducted in the year 2021 in Alborz province, and eight profiles located in Karaj and Hashtgerd regions with glacial-alluvial parent materials were described and sampled. Physical and chemical characteristics, including soil texture before and after the removal of carbonates by the hydrometer method, pH, and EC in saturated extract, organic carbon by the Walkley-Black method, Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE) measured by the calcimetric method in 27 samples were determined. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) measured by the ammonium acetate method. Soil description and classification were performed based on the American classification system. A micromorphological study of undisturbed samples, before and after the removal of carbonates, was carried out following their impregnation with polyester resin, cutting, sawing, mounting on glass slides, and reducing the thickness to about 30 microns. Imaging was done with a polarizing microscope, and the analysis and interpretation of the results were carried out according to the guide for the analysis of thin sections. The results showed that the petrocalcic horizons formed on glacial tills and moraines are the result of the long-term infiltration of cold water rich in dissolved carbonates into the soil. This model of the formation of secondary carbonates in the soil is different from other models that mainly consider the origin of carbonates to be the dissolution and recrystallization of primary carbonates or the biological respiration of roots and living organisms.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Carbonates
  • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
  • Glacial sediments
  • Micromorphology
  • Removal of Carbonates

The glacial origin of carbonates in the calcic and petrocalcic horizons of the soils developed on glacial deposits in the southern Alborz Mountain slope

 

Extended Abstract

 

Objectives

The main goals of this research are 1. To investigate the origin of soil-forming carbonates in soils formed in glacial sediments 2. Study the effect of glacial processes on the formation of pedogenic carbonates and the resulting micromorphological complications, and 3. To explore the possibility of pedogenic carbonates forming directly through the dissolution of carbon dioxide in cold glacial waters.

Materials and Methods

 This study was conducted in the year 2021 in Alborz Province. Eight profiles located in the Karaj and Hashtgerd regions with glacial-alluvial parent materials were described and sampled. Physical and chemical characteristics, including soil texture before and after the removal of carbonates by the hydrometer method, pH, and EC in saturated extract, soil organic carbon by the Walkley-Black method were determined in 27 samples. Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE) was measured by the calcimetric method, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) was measured by the ammonium acetate method. Soil description and classification were performed based on the American classification system. Micromorphological study of the undisturbed samples, before and after the removal of carbonates, was carried out following their impregnation with polyester resin, cutting, sawing, mounting on glass slides, and reducing the thickness to about 30 microns. Imaging was done with a polarizing microscope, and the analysis and interpretation of the results were conducted according to the guide for the analysis of thin sections.

Results

 Examining the particle size distribution of the soils developed on the glacial sediments before and after the removal of carbonates revealed that most of the carbonates in these soils are in the clay fraction (and to some extent in the silt fraction). With the removal of carbonates, the percentage of clay decreased drastically, and the particle size distribution classes changed from loam and clay-loam to coarser texture classes of loamy-sand, sandy-loam, even sandy. The percentage of clay in the middle part of the profiles before and after the removal of carbonates demonstrates the characteristics of the argillic horizons. The thin sections did not show clay coating pedofeatures before the removal of carbonates. Examination of the thin sections after the removal of carbonates showed that the crystalline b-fabric (related to carbonates) in the micromass was removed and turned into an undifferentiated b-fabric. A speckled b-fabric with phyllosilicate clays and weak clay coatings on some parts of the sections appeared. Of course, the possibility of transporting phyllosilicate clays together with the water resulting from the melting of glaciers and their co-precipitation with carbonates in the petrocalcic horizons is not far from expected.

Conclusions

 The petrocalcic horizons formed on glacial tills and moraines result from the long-term infiltration of cold water rich in dissolved CO2 into the soil. This model of secondary carbonate formation in the soil differs from other models that mainly consider the origin of carbonates to be the dissolution and recrystallization of primary carbonates or the biological respiration of roots and living organisms.

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 54، شماره 12
اسفند 1402
صفحه 1963-1979

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