معرفی و ارزیابی شاخص بهره‌وری نسبی اقتصادی آب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، بخش آبیاری و فیزیک خاک، کرج، ایران

2 سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، بخش آبیاری و زهکشی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

 
در حوزه کشاورزی و در ارزیابی عملکرد گیاهان زراعی و باغی از شاخص‌های بهره‌وری فیزیکی آب (WPPa)، بهره‌وری اقتصادی آب (WPEa)، شکاف بهره‌وری فیزیکی (WPGP) و اقتصادی آب (WPGe) استفاده می‌شود. در شاخص WPPa  قیمت محصول و هزینه‌های صرف شده در نظر گرفته نمی‌شود و شاخص WPEa نیز نه تنها تحت تاثیر تورم و سیاست تنظیم بازار قرار می‌گیرد، بلکه اثر خاک و اقلیم، در مقدار آن دخالت داده نمی‌شود. شاخص‌های  WPGPو WPGe هم به دلیل تفاوت در ماهیت عملکرد گیاهان مختلف، ارزیابی دقیقی از بهره‌وری آب گیاهان ارائه نمی‌دهد. معرفی شاخصی که معایب مذکور را نداشته باشد، ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. در این پژوهش شاخص بهره‌وری نسبی اقتصادی آب معرفی، و برای هر یک از عوامل موثر بر تولیدات کشاورزی شامل خاک، گیاه، اقلیم، مدیریت آبیاری و تورم ارزیابی و با شاخص‌های WPPa، KWPp WPEa، WPGP و WPGe مقایسه شد. نتایج نشان داد که شاخص بهره‌وری نسبی اقتصادی آب، بر خلاف سایر شاخص‌ها، متناسب با توان تولید خاک و اقلیم منطقه و هر نوع مدیریت به‌زراعی و بدون اثرپذیری از ماهیت متفاوت عملکرد گیاهان زراعی، تورم (اقتصاد)، بهره‌وری آب را در گیاهان مختلف ارزیابی می-کند. چون در شاخص KWPe، بهره‌وری آب هر گیاه، بر اساس شرایط پتانسیل برآورد می‌شود لذا با این شاخص می‌توان بهره‌وری گیاهان مختلف در مناطق مختلف را با هم مقایسه کرد. به‌طوری‌که شاخص WPGe میانگین بهره‌وری آب برای گندم و جو در خاک‌های مختلف را مساوی ( toman/m33973) برآورد نمود ولی شاخص KWPe در همین شرایط، بهره‌وری آب گندم و جو را به‌ترتیب  67/0 و 33/0 برآورد نمود. همچنین شاخص KWPp  بهره‌وری آب گندم و ذرت را برابر 42/0 تخمین زد، در حالی‌که شاخص KWPe  به دلیل بالا بودن قیمت ذرت نسبت به گندم، برای این دو محصول به‌ترتیب مقادیر 36/0 و 4/0 را برآورد نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Introducing and evaluation of relative economic water productivity index

نویسندگان [English]

  • hossein jafari 1
  • Fariborz Abbasi 2
1 Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization, Soil and Water Research Institute, Irrigation and Soil Physics Department, Karaj, Iran
2 Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Irrigation and Drainage Department, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

In the agricultural sector, indicators of physical productivity (WPPa), economic productivity (WPEa), physical (WPGp) and economic productivity gap (WPGe) of water are used to evaluate the performance of farmers and gardeners. The WPPa index, does not consider the price and costs of the product. The WPEa index is not only affected by inflation and market regulation policy, but also does not take into account the effect of the region's soil and climate. The WPGP and WPGe indices do not provide an accurate evaluation of water productivity of plants due to the difference in the nature of the performance of different plants. Purpose: In this study a new index is introduced that does not have any the aforementioned disadvantages.
Material and method: A relative economic water productivity index was introduced and evaluated using different data for each of the factors affecting agricultural production, including soil, plant, climate, management and inflation, and it was compared with the WPPa, WPEa, WPGP and WPGe indices. Results: The results showed that unlike other indicators, the relative economic water productivity index evaluated water productivity in different plants compared to other indicators in proportion to the production capacity of the soil and the climate of the region for any type of agricultural management without being affected by the different nature of crop plants performance and inflation (economy). Because in the KWPe index, the water productivity of each plant is estimated based on the potential conditions and these conditions are unique for each plant and in each region and climate and under each agricultural management, therefore, the productivity of different plants in different regions can be compared only with this index. So that the WPGe index estimated the average value of water productivity for wheat and barley in different soils to be equal (3973 toman/m3), but the KWPe index estimated water productivity of wheat and barley at 0.67 and 0.33, respectively. Also, the KWPp index estimated the same value for water productivity of wheat and corn as 0.42, but the KWPe index estimated 0.36 and 0.4 for wheat and corn respectively due to the high price of corn compared to wheat.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Climate
  • Economy
  • Land production potential & Productivity gap

Introducing and evaluation of relative economic water productivity index

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction:

In order to evaluate the result of any activity, a comprehensive and complete index is required to take into account all factors affecting the activity. In the field of agriculture, an index called water productivity is used for this purpose in different ways. Performance index, Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C), Physical Water Productivity index (WPPa), Economic Water Productivity index (WPEa), Physical Productivity Gap index (WPGp) and Economic Productivity Gap index (WPGe) are used to evaluate the performance of farmers and gardeners. The WPPa index does not consider product price and costs and therefore cannot be a suitable indicator for choosing a plant for the farm or garden. The WPEa index cannot provide an accurate assessment of various crops/plants due to the influence of inflation and market regulation policy and the absence of the soil and climate properties of the regions. The water productivity gap index (WPGp & WPGe) cannot provide a correct assessment of water productivity due to the different nature of yield and price of different plants.

Purpose:

Therefore, it is necessary to introduce an index that firstly takes into account all factors affecting agricultural production and secondly does not get affected by factors ineffective on production, such as inflation and market regulation policies, and provides an accurate assessment of various field and garden products.

Material and method:

In the present study, the relative economic water productivity index (KWPe) was introduced as the ratio of economic water productivity in real conditions to economic water productivity in standard conditions (potential). This index was evaluated for different factors affecting production, including soil, plants, climate, management and inflation and compared with the traditional physical and economic water productivity and productivity gap indicators. In this research, The relative physical water productivity index (KWPp) was also calculated and compared with the KWPe. To calculate economic water productivity under potential conditions, net crop water requirement was calculated using the Penman-Monteith, and potential yield determined based on the land potential production, which depends on the soil and climate of the region.

Results:

 The results showed that all factors affecting agricultural production have a logical effect on the KWPe index. But the WPPa, WPEa, KWPp, WPGe and WPGp indices are either not affected by all the factors affecting production, or they are affected by factors other than the factors affecting the reproduction of inflation and market regulations. For this reason, by using the proposed KWPe index, it is possible to assesst the crop pattern (what to plant) and the combination of cultivation (at what level to plant) with higher accuracy. Due to the fact that in the KWPe index, the water productivity of each plant is measured based on the standard conditions of each plant, the productivity of several crops in one region or a single plant in several regions can be compared using the introduced index. As the price and cost is not considered in KWPp index ca;culation, it is less accurate than the KWPe index in providing water productivity in different plants. In addition, in the KWPe, WPGe and WPGp indices, the soil and climate of the region are directly included in the water productivity index through the net water requirement and land production potential. But the soil and climate of the region are not considered in WPPa and WPEa indices. Unlike other indices, the KWPe index was not affected by the five times price of tomatoes, and introduced soybean plant as the most productive plant with a relative productivity of 0.86. Despite the equality of water productivity gap for wheat and barley (3973 toman/m3), in the same conditions, the KWPe index was estimated to be 0.67 for wheat and 0.33 for barley. In briefly in terms of accuracy, the order of proposed indicators are the WPPa, WPEa, WPGp, WPGe, KWPp and KWPe is recommended to evaluate water productivity in different plants, climates, soils, managements and inflation.

 

Abbasi, Nader. (2017). Technical Analysis in Iran's Agricultural Management and Engineering (volume one). Agricultural Engineering Research Institute. 31 pages. (in Persian)
Agricultural Statistics (2022). Report on the level, production and performance of agricultural crops, in the agricultural year 2019-2019, Information and Communication Center. Ministry of Jehad-e-Agriculture (in Persian).
Akbari, M., S.H. Khodadad Hosseini, A. Hosseinzadeh and M. Hatminjad (2018) Analyzing the relationship between social capital, organizational innovation and organizational productivity. 8(4): 33-48 (in Persian).
Azadi, A., J. Banineme and S. A. Seyed Jalali (2021). Production potential modeling and quantitative land evaluation for wheat cultivation in calcareous soils (The case of Southern Behbahan). Journal of land Management. 10(2):177-198. DOI: 10.22092/LMJ.2022.126414 (in Persian).
Azadi, A., J. Banineme and S. A. Seyed Jalali. (2022). Assessment of land suitability for wheat cultivation in some saline soils in the south of Khuzestan province. Scientific Journal of Soil Research. 35(3). 217-236 (in Persian).
Farahza, M.N., B. Nazari, M. R. Akbari, M. Sadat Naini and A. Liaghat (2020). Evaluation of physical and economic water productivity of crops in Moghan plain and analysis of the relationship between physical and economic water productivity. Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering. 11(2): 166-182. (in Persian)
Farshi, A.A., M.R. Shariati, R. Jarallahi, M.R. Ghaemi, , M. Shahabifar & M.M. Tulai (1998). Estimation of water requirement of major agricultural and horticultural plants in the country. Publication of agricultural education. Agricultural Research,Education and Extension Organization. P. 1-1529. (in Persian).
Fernández, J.E., Alcon, F., Diaz-Espejo, A., Hernandez-Santana, V.,Cuevas, M.V., (2020). Water use indicators and economic analysis for on-farm irrigation decision: A case study of a super high density olive tree orchard. Agric. Water Manag. 237, 106074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106074.
Ghadami Firouzabadi, A., S. M. Seidan and H. Zare Abianeh (2021). Determining and evaluating the practical water and physical and economic productivity of water in grape and walnut orchards in Melair Hamadan region. Journal of Iranian Irrigation and Drainage. 14(6). p. 1908-1919. (in Persian).
Ganji M. H. (2002). Climatic divisions of Iran. Scientific Bulletin of the National Climatology Center. 3(1). P. 41.
https://donyayebourse.com/news/54710/ Statistical Center of Iran.
Jenab, M. and B. Nazari (2019). The study of water productivity and yield gap of wheat, barley and maize in Qazvin Province. Iran Water and Soil Research, 6(49): 1405-1417.
Jha, A.K., Malla, R., Sharma, M., Panthi, J., Lakhankar, T., Krakauer. N.Y., Pradhanag, S.M., Dahal, P. and Shrestha, M.L., (2016). Impact of irrigation method on water use efficiency the productivity of fodder crops in nepal. climate , 4, Article No.4.  https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4010004
Jones, P.G., Diaz, W., and Cock, J.H., (2005). Homologue, a computer system for identifying similar environments throughout the tropical world, version Beta a.0. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia.
Kilemo, D.B. (2022). The review of water use efficiency and water productivity metrics and their role in sustainable water resources management. Open Access Library Journal, 9: 7075. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1107075
Molden, D., Murray-Rust, H., Sakthivadivel, R., Makin, I., (2003). A water-productivity framework for understanding and action. In: Kijne, J.W., Barker, R., Molden, D. (Eds.), Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement. CABI Publishing and International Water Management Institute, Wallingford, UK/Colombo, Sri Lanka
Molden, D., T. Oweis, P. Steduto, P. Bindraban, M. A. Hanjra and J. Kijne. (2010).  Improving agricultural water productivity: Between optimism and caution. Agricultural Water Management.  97(4).  P. 528-535. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.03.023.
Mortezaei, A. (2019). Analysis of rice production, trade, consumption and price trends (examining the challenges of importing and supplying rice and increasing domestic prices and reviewing global production and prices). Prepared by the Internal Trade Commission of the Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture of Iran. P.14.
Mossaddeghi, A., N. Akbari, A.A. Merchandeh, F. Sarmadyan, B. Nasiri and S. Sufizadeh (2020). Agro-ecological zoning of wheat production systems (Triticum aestivum L.) in Shavor agricultural plain of Khuzestan using GIS and RS Technology. Journal of Agricultural Ecology. 11(4): 1527-1543. (in Persian).
Naseri, A. and F. Abbasi. (2022). Estimating the amount of potential and water productivity gap in irrigated wheat production in Iran. Engineering Research of Irrigation and Drainage Structures. 68 (32): 87-101. (in Persian).
Nazari, B. (2019). Analysis of productivity gap and agricul-tural water productivity emprovement approach of farmers and aquifer sustainability (Case Study: Qazvin Plain). Journal of Water and Sustainable Development.6(3): PP.41-50.  (in Persian).
Gadami, F.A., Sepidan, S. M. & Zare Abianeh, H. (2021). Determination and evaluation of applied water and physical and economic productivity of water in grape and walnut orchards in Malair region of Hamedan. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. 14(6). P. 1908-1919. (in Persian).
 Parrique, T., Barth, J., Briens, F., Kerschner, C., Kraus-Polk, A., Kuokkanen, A., Spangenberg, J.H., (2019). Decoupling debunked: Evidence and Arguments Against Green Growth as a Sole Strategy for Sustainability.
Rodriguez, M., Pansera, M., Lorenzo, P.C., (2020). Do indicators have politics? A review of the use of energy and carbon intensity indicators in public debates. J. Clean. Prod. 243, 118602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118602.
Sangtrashan, A., S. M. Mirlatifi and H. Dehghani Sanij. (2022). The effect of agronomic technologies on the improvement of physical and economic productivity indicators and water consumption efficiency in the eastern basin of Lake Urmia. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 35(1): 35-48. (in Persian)
Seckler, D., (1996). The new era of water resources management: from ‘dry’ to ‘wet’ water savings. research report 1. International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Tavakoli, A. R., H. Hakkamabadi, A. Naderi Arefi, and A. A. Hajji. (2020). Investigating the relative advantage of agricultural products in Semnan province with a focus on water efficiency. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences. 11(4): 63-72. (in Persian)
Trout, T.J., D.T. Manning. (2019). An economic and biophysical model of deficit Irrigation. Agromy Journal. 6(3). PP:3182-3194.  doi:10.2134/agronj2019.03.0209.
Vladimirova, I., N. Nguyen, J. Schellekens, and I. Vassileva (2018). Assessment of the water productivity index. project report of "Study on EU integrated policy assessment for the freshwater and marine environment, on the economic benefits of EU water policy and on the costs of its non- implementation"”. PP.48.
Zarei Gorkhodi, A., A. Shah Nazari and P. Dadashi. (2022). Evaluation of water productivity indicators in the production of agricultural and horticultural crops in the west and center of Mazandaran province and ranking of study plains. Iranian Irrigation and Drainage Journal. 16(3): 669-657. (in Persian).
Zeynadini, A., A. Seyed Jalali, , M. Navidi, F. Ebrahimi Mimand, A. Farajnia, and Gh. Zareian, (2022). Evaluation of wheat yield potential in some Iranian Cultivated plains. Journal of land Management. 8(1): 1-13.
Nazari, B. & Liaqat A.M. (2016). Basics and indicators of agricultural water productivity. Commission for Water, Environment and Green Economy. Secretariat of specialized commissions of Iran Chamber. Pp.20. (in Persian).