برهم‌کنش فاصله نشاء و میزان کود نیتروژن بر برخی صفات زراعی و عملکرد دانه چهار ژنوتیپ‌ امیدبخش برنج

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 مربی بخش تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش

2 استادیار، بخش تحقیقات آب و خاک، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

چکیده

این پژوهش با هدف دستیابی به مناسب‌ترین فاصله نشاء و میزان کود نیتروژنه در واحد سطح بر روی چهار لاین‌ امیدبخش برنج در استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد شهرستان چرام در سال‌های زراعی 1395 و 1396 اجرا گردید. فاکتور فاصله نشاء در سه سطح 15×15، 20×20 و 25×25 سانتی‌متر، و میزان نیتروژن در سه سطح 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار به ‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در نظر گرفته شد. صفات مورد بررسی شامل تعداد روز تا گلدهی، تعداد روز تا رسیدن، ارتفاع بوته، شاخص برداشت، اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد دانه بود. نتایج نشان داد که از نظر عملکرد دانه بین ژنوتیپ‌ها تفاوت معنی‌داری در سطح احتمال یک درصد وجود دارد. اﺛﺮ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ، سطوح کود ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژنه و همچنین اﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ نشاء و سطوح کود ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژنه ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ آﻣﺎری در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل 5% معنی‌دار شد. اثر ژنوتیپ‌ها و فواصل نشاء بر روی ارتفاع بوته، تعداد روز تا گلدهی و تعداد روز تا رسیدن معنی‌دار نبود؛ در حالی که اثر کود نیتروژنه بر سایر صفات در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل 5% معنی‌دار شد. افزایش کود نیتروژنه، و کاهش فاصله نشاء، عملکرد دانه را به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش داد. تعداد دانه در مترمربع و تعداد پنجه بارور، اجزای موثر بر تفاوت عملکرد دانه بودند. نتایج نشان داد عملکرد دانه ژنوتیپ‌ها در فاصله نشاء دوم تفاوت معنی‌داری با سایر فواصل نشاء داشت. بیش‌ترین عملکرد دانه از تیمار ژنوتیپ 3 در فاصله نشاء دوم (20×20 سانتی‌متر) و سطح دوم مصرف کود نیتروژنه (100 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به‌میزان 503/9 تن در هکتار به‌دست آمد؛ لذا می‌توان این تیمار را با در نظر گرفتن ملاحظات اقتصادی و زیست محیطی به کار برد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Interaction of transplant spacing and the rate of nitrogen fertilizer on some agronomics traits and grain yield of the four promising lines of rice

نویسندگان [English]

  • raham Mohtashami 1
  • Mohammadrza Chakeralhosaini 2
1 Instructor of Seed and Plant Improvement Department, Research and Education Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization(AREEO), Yasooj, Iran
2 Assistant of Soil and Water Department, Research and Education Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad,
چکیده [English]

This research was carried out with the aim of achieving the most suitable planting distance and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer per unit area on four promising rice lines 10, 11, 15, and 16 at Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province, Choram city station in 2016 and 2017. The factor of planting distance in three levels of 15x15, 20x20, and 25x25 cm, and the amount of nitrogen in three levels of 50, 100, and 150 kg of N per hectare were factorially considered in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Traits were containing plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, harvest index, grain yield, and yield components. The result of the analysis showed there is a significant differences between genotypes at a 1% probability level. ANOVA revealed significant differences for different transplant spacing and different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on comparison of grain yield and thousands grain yield. Effects of transplant spacing, and rate of N level so interaction between N level and on grain yield showed significance at 5% probability level. The effect of genotype and transplant spacing were non-significant on days to flowering, days to maturity, while the effect rate of N level significant on other traits at the 5% probability level. The number of seeds per square meter and the number of fertile tillers were the effective components on the difference in grain yield. In whole genotypes had significant difference at most case second transplant spacing with other transplant spacinges. The maximum grain yield was related to genotype No 3 in G3 ×D2× N2 with average of 9.503 Ton ha-1. Therefore, this treatment can be used taking into account economic and environmental considerations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Interaction
  • Nitrogen Fertilizer
  • Rice Line
  • Transplant Spacing

Extended abstract

Introduction:

Rice is one of the most important food products, it supplies the most calories consumed by the people of the world and is produced and consumed in a wide range of climatic conditions. Rice is of special importance in Iran; So that it accounts for the majority of people's food. The increase in population and the ever-increasing human need for food on the one hand and the limitation of production resources on the other hand indicate that one of the ways to achieve more production is to increase the yield per unit area, which can be achieved by producing high-yielding varieties of rice along with the application of suitable agricultural methods. including the density of planting and the amount of suitable nitrogen fertilizer is possible. To achieve optimal yield in rice cultivars, is necessary correct crop management, such as observing planting distance and appropriate use of nitrogen fertilizer.

 

Materials and methods:

This experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 crop years in Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad provinces at Cheram city rice station to determine the most suitable planting distance and nitrogen content on four promising lines of rice using a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. became. The factors included rice lines in four levels, planting distance in three levels 25 x 25, 20 x 20 and 15 x 15 cm and the amount of nitrogen in three levels were 50, 100 and 150 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare. The tested lines included lines 10, 11, 15 and 16. The required nitrogen based on 70% of the basic fertilizer from the source of ammonium nitrate was used before the last plowing along with triple superphosphate at the rate of 150 kg per hectare. Potash was calculated in the amount of 100 kg/ha from the source of potassium sulfate and sprinkled on the main land. 30% of nitrogen was sprayed in the field at the stage of initial cluster formation in the stem about 35 days after transplanting. Seeding was done in the first half of May after seed disinfection in the prepared treasury beds. Nasha was transferred to the main field after losing 4-3 in the second half of June. Transplanting was done with 25x25, 20x20 and 15x15 cm intervals in 3x4 meters plots. The investigated traits included the number of days to flowering, the number of days to maturity, plant height, harvest index, yield components and seed yield.

 

Findings:

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the genotypes in terms of grain yield at the level of one percent probability. The effect of planting intervals, nitrogen fertilizer levels, as well as the mutual effect of planting intervals and nitrogen fertilizer levels on seed performance was statistically significant at the 5% probability level. The effect of genotypes and planting intervals on plant height, number of days to flowering, and number of days to maturity were not significant; While the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on other traits was significant at the 5% probability level. The increase of nitrogen fertilizer and the decrease of planting distance significantly decreased the grain yield. The number of seeds per square meter and the number of fertile tillers were the effective components on the difference in grain yield. The results showed that the seed yield of the genotypes in the second transplanting interval had a significant difference with other transplanting intervals. The highest seed yield of genotype 3 treatment was obtained at the second transplanting distance (20 x 20 cm) and the second level of nitrogen fertilizer consumption (100 kg/ha) amounting to 9.503 tons/ha. In this experiment, no statistically significant difference was observed between the consumption of 100 and 150 kg per hectare of pure nitrogen fertilizer.

 

Conclusion:

The most important components affecting yield are the number of seeds per square meter and the number of fertile tillers per plant. Due to the high solubility of nitrogen fertilizer and the effect of chemical pollution on the environment; Therefore, in order to preserve the environment and yield stability, it is appropriate to use 100 kg per hectare of pure nitrogen fertilizer and plant density of 20 x 20 cm. In addition, are significantly improved with the optimal use of nitrogen fertilizer, the economic benefits of rice farmers.

Can, Z., Huang, H., Qian, Z.H., Jiang, H.X., Liu, G.M., Ke, X.U., Hu, Y.J., Dai, Q.G. and Huo, Z.Y. (2021). Effect of side deep placement of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of single season late japonica rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20, 1487-1502.
Chamara, B.S., Marambe, B., and Chauhan, B.S. (2017). Management of Cleome rutidosperma DC. using high crop density in dry-seeded rice. Crop Protection, 95, 120-128.
Clerget, B., Buenob, C., Domingob, A.J., Layaoenb, H.L., and Vialb, L. (2016). Leaf emergence, tillering, plant growth, and yield in response to plant density in a high yielding aerobic rice crop. Field Crops Research, 199, 52-64.
De Datta, S. K. (1981). Principles and practices of rice production. Department of Agronomy, International Rice Research Institute, Lose Banos, Philippines. 45: 725- 737.
Faostat, F. A. O. (2021). Statistical Databases. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://faostat.fao.org/.
Farhadi, A., and Farbodi, M. (2012). Effects of nitrogen levels and planting densities on yield and yield components of promising rice variety No. 3. Journal of Research in Crop Sciences, 13, 1-14. (In Persion)
Haefele, S. M.; Naklang, K., Hampichitvitaya, D., Jeara Kongman, S., Skulkhu, E., Romyen, P., Phasopa, S., Tabtim, S., Suriya – arunroj, D., Khunthasuvon, S., Kraisorakull, D., Young Suk, P., Amarante, S. T. and Wade, L. J. (2006). Factors affecting rice yield and fertilizer response in rainfed lowlands of northeast Thailand. Field Crops Research, 8, 39-51.
Huang, M., Yang, C., Ji, Q., Jiang, L., Tan, J. and Li, Y. (2013). Tillering responses of rice to plant density and nitrogen rate in a subtropical environment of southern China. Field Crops Research, 149, 187-192.
Ju, C., Buresh, R.J., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, L., Yang, J. and Zhang, J. (2015). Root and shoot traits for rice varieties with higher grain yield and higher nitrogen use efficiency at lower nitrogen rates application. Field Crops Research, 175, 47-55.
Kalita, M. C., and Sharma, N. N. (1992). Effect of nitrogen level and mulch on yield attributing characters of sammer rice under the rainfed condition. Indian Journal Agronomy, 37, 690- 693.
Keshavarzi, M. H. (1999). Effects of bush density and the date of planting on yield and components, local cultivars. Azad University. Jiroft. Pp: 85-91. (In Persion)
Mohamadian roshan, N., Tarang, A.L., Moradi, M., Azar pour, A. and Bozorgi, H. M. (2013). Study of determining suitable transplanting distance and nitrogen fertilization levels to increase quantitative yield and some qualitative characteristics of promising rice line No. 216. Journal of Biology Sciences, 3, 135-147.  (In Persion)
Mohtashami, R. (2009). The final report of determining the most suitable planting date and transplanting distance of promising cold-tolerant rice lines in Yasouj region. Rice Research Institute of Iran, 1 -9.
Malkuti, M. J., and Kavossi, M. (1983). Balanced nutrition of rice. Sana Publications. 612 pages.
Polit, S. D. (1976). Effect of nitrogen application on spikelet differentiation and degeneration of rice. 119- 123.
Peng, X., Yang, Y., Yu, C., Chen, L., Zhang, M., Liu, Z., Sun, Y., Luo, S. and Liu, Y. (2015). Crop management for increasing rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in northeast China. Agronomy Journal, 107, 1682-1690.
Salehi Far, M., Asghari, J., Payman, S. H., Samizadeh, H. and Dorosti, H. (2011). Effects of planting distance, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield and yield component of hybrid rice (Bahar 1). Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 4 (2), 155-168. (In Persion)
Sowers, K. E.; Pan, W. L.; Milker, B. C. and Smith, J. L. (1994). Nitrogen application in soft white winter wheat. Agronomy Journal, 86, 942-948.
Wei, H., Meng, T., Li, C., Xu, K., Huo, Z., Wei, H., Guo, B., Zhang, H. and Dai, Q. (2017). Comparisons of grain yield and nutrient accumulation and translocation in high-yielding japonica/indica hybrids, indica hybrids, and japonica conventional varieties. Field Crops Research, 204, 101-109.
Venkateswarlu, B. (1976). Source-sink interrelationships in lowland rice. Plant and soil, 44, 575-586.
Zahran, H. A. A. (2000). Response of some rice cultivars to different spaces among hills and rows under saline soil conditions. Master of Science Thesis, Facator Agriculture Mansoura University. Egypt, 1975-1988.
Zhang, W., Yu, J., Xu, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, L., Zhang, H., Gu, J., Zhang, J. and Yang, J. (2021). Alternate wetting and drying irrigation combined with the proportion of polymer-coated urea and conventional urea rates increases grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies in rice. Field Crops Research, 268, 108165.
Zhou, C.C., Huang, Y.C., Jia, B.Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, Q., Li, R.F., Wang, S. and Dou, F.G. (2018). Effects of cultivar nitrogen rate, and planting density on grain quality of rice. Agronomy, 8, 1–13.
Zhou, T.Y., Li, Z.K., Li, E.P., Wang, W.L., Yuan, L.M., Zhang, H., Liu, L.J., Wang, Z.Q., Gu, J.F. and Yang, J.C. (2022). Optimization of nitrogen fertilization improves rice quality by affecting the structure and physicochemical properties of starch at high yield levels. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21, 1576-1592.