سرشت، سرنوشت و روش‌های اندازه‌گیری آلاینده‌های آلی لجن فاضلاب در خاک

نوع مقاله : یادداشت تحقیقاتی

نویسندگان

1 فارغ التحصیل دکتری گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، ایران

2 استادیار هیدرولیک مهندسی رودخانه-پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری تهران ایران

3 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

چکیده

لجن فاضلاب مواد نیمه جامد حاصل از ترسیب ذرات معلق در جریان تصفیه فاضلاب­ها است. به دلیل حجم بسیار زیاد لجن تولیدشده، روش­های مختلفی برای دفع آن‌ها پیشنهاد شده است و از آنجایی‌که غلظت عناصر غذایی این مواد زیاد است، استفاده به‌عنوان کود در زمین­های کشاورزی یک راهکار موردتوجه است. با این‌ وجود حضور آلاینده­های مختلف به‌طور قابل‌توجهی باعث محدودیت استفاده از لجن به‌عنوان کود و اصلاح‌کننده خاک شده است. با توجه به سمیت زیاد آلاینده­های آلی و عوارض جبران‌ناپذیر حضور آن‌ها در محیط‌زیست، هدف این مقاله، بررسی تنوع آلاینده­های آلی موجود در لجن و حدود مجاز آن برای استفاده در اراضی کشاورزی، سرنوشت این آلاینده­ها در خاک و انواع روش­های اندازه­گیری آن است. هیدروکربن­های حلقوی چندهسته‌ای، بی­فنیل­های چندکلره، دی اتیل هگزیل فتالات، نونیل­فنل و نونیل­فنل اتوکسیلات، آلکیلوبنزن سولفانات خطی، هالیدهای آلی، دی­بنزو دی­اکسین­ها و فوران­های چند کلره از مهم­ترین آلاینده­های آلی شناخته‌شده در لجن  فاضلاب هستند. این آلاینده­ها می­توانند توسط ذرات جامد خاک جذب، توسط موجودات خاکزی تجزیه، یا همراه با آب یا ذرات خاک در مسافت­های طولانی انتقال یابند. عصاره­گیری از نمونه لجن، پاکسازی عصاره و اندازه­گیری آن‌ها با دستگاه کروماتوگرافی گازی یا مایع، مراحل تعیین غلظت آلاینده­های آلی در لجن است. استفاده از روش­های جدید در عصاره­گیری همانند اولتراسونیک، شرایط تحت‌فشار و ماکروویو، باعث افزایش سرعت استخراج و کاهش مصرف حلال­ها و مواد شیمیایی مورد نیاز و تعداد مراحل آزمایش شده است. این تحقیق ضمن معرفی انواع آلاینده­های آلی و روش­های آزمایشگاهی اندازه­گیری آن­ در لجن فاضلاب به بررسی حدود مجاز آلاینده­های آلی در محیط‌زیست و اراضی کشاورزی می­پردازد، بطوریکه برای تصویب و وضع قوانین و مقررات مرتبط با کیفیت لجن و کاربرد آن در بخش کشاورزی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Organic Pollutants of Sewage Sludge, Fate in Soil and their Analytical Methods

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Ataee 1
  • Nadergholi Ebrahimi 2
  • Hossein Asadi 3
  • Manouchehr Gorji 3
1 PhD Graduated, Department of soil science, College of agriculture, Tabriz University, Iran.
2 Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI) Tehran, Iran.
3 Soil Science Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Sewage sludge is a semisolid residual material resulting from the sedimentation of the suspended solid during the wastewater-treatment processes. Since large amounts of sludge are being produced, different ways of disposal have been introduced. One tempting option is to use it as fertilizer in agricultural fields due to its high contents of inorganic nutrients and organic materials. However, the presence of contaminants considerably restricts the application of sewage sludge for the fertilisation and reclamation of soils. Because of the high toxicity of organic pollutants and their irreparable effects on the environment, the aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of organic pollutants in sewage sludge, their limit values for agricultural lands, and the fate of them in the soil. Also methods of analysis of organic trace compounds have been compiled. Some of the most frequently detected contaminants in sewage sludge are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, di-ethylhexylphthalate, nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates, linear alkylbenzene sulphonates, adsorbable organic halides, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans. These pollutants in the soil may undergo sorption by mineral particles, degradation by soil organisms or transportation with water or soil particles over long distances. Extraction of the sludge sample, subsequent clean-up of the extract and final analysis by either gas or liquid chromatography are methodologies for determining the concentration of organic pollutants in sewage sludge. Novel techniques in extraction such as ultrasonic extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction require less solvents reagents and smaller sample siz, are more automated and reduce the number of analytical steps. This study show a better understanding of variety of organic pollutants in sewage sludge, their analytical methods and limit values that is imperative to restricting legislation and specification suitable properties of sludge for land application.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Emerging contaminants
  • Instrumental analysis
  • Limitation values. Organic Compounds
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