تغییرات زمانی عامل مدیریت زراعی مدل USLE در ابعاد رخداد و مراحل رشد در گندم دیم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه زنجان

2 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد خاکشناسی-فیزیک و حفاظت خاک-دانشگاه زنجان

3 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیک و حفاظت خاک دانشگاه زنجان

چکیده

عامل مدیریت زراعی (C) در معادله جهانی هدررفت خاک (USLE) برای نشان دادن تاثیر اقدامات مدیریتی بر شدت فرسایش خاک به کار می‌رود. آگاهی از تغییرات این عامل طی دوره رشد برای تعیین حساس‌ترین مرحله از نظر فرسایش حائز اهمیت است. در این مطالعه تغییرات زمانی عامل مدیریت زراعی (C) طی دوره رشد گندم در دو روش مدیریت زراعی با فاصله ردیف (20 و 25 سانتی­متر) و تراکم کشت (90 و 120 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در کشتزار دیم با شیب یکنواخت 10 درصد در منطقه نیمه­خشک بررسی شد. مقدار C از نسبت هدررفت خاک از کرت کشت شده به کرت شاهد به دست آمد. در کل 18 کرت با ابعاد 5 × 5/1 متر در راستای شیب در سال 1395-1394 احداث شد. از 82 رخداد بارندگی طبیعی، تعداد نه رگبار منجر به تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک در کرت‌ها شدند. شدت رگبارها از 2/2 تا 5/4 میلی­متر بر ساعت متغیر بود. مقدار C در هر رگبار طی دوره رشد تغییر پیدا کرد به طوری که بیشترین مقدار آن در رگبار اول در فاصله ردیف کشت 73/0 و تراکم کشت 72/0 مشاهده شد در حالی که کمترین مقدار در رخداد پایانی و به ترتیب برابر 140/0 و 145/0 بود. بیشترین مقادیر C در آبان ماه هم زمان با مرحله بستر بذر برای فاصله ردیف و تراکم کشت به ترتیب 47/0و 48/0 بود و کمترین مقادیر در اردیبهشت ماه به ترتیب 14/0 و 14/0 هم زمان با مرحله توسعه گیاه بود. این مطالعه نشان داد که مرحله بستر بذر حساس‌ترین مرحله از نظر عامل مدیریت زراعی برای هر دو روش مدیریت زراعی است. در این راستا به­کارگیری کشت 9 ردیفی (با فاصله ردیف 25 سانتی­متر) برای کشت گندم دیم همراه با حفظ بقایای گیاهی سال قبل برای حفظ خاک در مراحل حساس دوره رشد و کاهش مقدار C در کشتزار دیم گندم ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Temporal Variability of the USLE Cover Management Factor (C) in Event Scale and Growth Stages of Rainfed Wheat

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Reza Vaezi 1
  • Majid Bagheri 2
  • Alli Reza Khanjani 3
1 Associate Professor of Soil Science- Soil erosion and Conservation
2 Former M. Sc. student, Soil science Department, University of Zanjan
3 PhD student, Soil Physics and Conservation, university of Zanjan
چکیده [English]

The C-factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is used to reflect the effect of management practices on erosion rates. Information on its variations during the plant growth is important for determining the most susceptible stage in soil erosion. In this study, the temporal variability of the C-factor was determined during wheat growth period under two crop managements: row spacing (20 and 25 cm) and seed density (90 and 120 kg ha-1) in a rainfed land with slope of 10% in a semi-arid region. The C-factor was determined using the ratio of soil loss from plot cultivated with wheat to control plot with clean-tilled and continuous fallow conditions. A total of 18 plots (1.5 m × 5 m) were installed along the slope during 2015-2016. Out of 82 natural rainfall events, nine storms produced runoff and caused soil loss at the plots. Rainfall intensity varied from 2.2 to 4.5 mm h-1. The value of C-factor was varied for each storm during the growth period; so that the highest value was observed in the first storm for both row spacing (0.73) and seed density (0.72), while the lowest values for the two management factors were belong to the last storm; 0.140 and 0.145, respectively. The highest C-factors were occurred in October at the same time with the seedbed stage (0.47 and 0.48 for row space and seed density, respectively) and the lowest values found at May (0.14 and 0.14) according to the crop development stage. This study revealed that the seedbed stage is the most susceptible period for the C-factor in the two crop management methods. In conclusion, using 9-row spacing set with 25 cm row spacing along with maintaining crop residues is essential to conserve farm’s soil from water erosion and decline the C-factor in susceptible stages during wheat growth period. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Seed density
  • Row spacing
  • Semi-arid region
  • Universal Soil Loss Equation
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