انتقال نانوذرات TiO2 در ستونهای خاک دست نخورده: تأثیر نرخ جریان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری آبیاری و زهکشی، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 استاد آبیاری و زهکشی، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 استاد خاک‌شناسی، گروه خاک‌شناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

4 استاد آبیاری و زهکشی، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

برای بررسی انتقال نانوذرات در محیط متخلخل، با توجه به محدودیت ابزارهای آزمایشگاهی و دشوار بودن تفسیر نتایج به­دست آمده در محیط­های متخلخل پیچیده مانند خاک، اغلب از محیط­های متخلخل، همانند دانه­های شیشه­ای، شن، دانه­های خالص کوارتز و شن­های بستر رودخانه استفاده می شود. در این تحقیق، اثر دبی­های مختلف جریان بر انتقال نانوذرات دی اکسید تیتانیم در ستون­های خاک دست­نخورده بررسی شد. دبی در واحد سطح برابر با هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع (جریان اشباع)، 9/0، 7/0 و 5/0 برابر هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع خاک (جریان غیراشباع) توسط پمپ پریستالتیک (BT100-1F) به ستون­های خاک اضافه شد. با اندازه­گیری منحنی­های رخنه مربوط به هر ستون، پارامترهای تبیین کننده انتقال نانوذرات بر مبنای مدل جذب تک مکانی، مدل جذب سینتیک تک مکانی و مدل جذب سینتیک دو مکانی تعیین شدند. نتایج حاکی از آن است که با افزایش نرخ جریان، غلظت نسبی نانوذرات TiO2 (غلظت نانوذرات در خروجی ستون­های خاک نسبت به ورودی آن) از 3 درصد به 28 درصد افزایش می­یابد. در بین مدل­های مورد بررسی، مدل جذب سینتیک دو مکانی علاوه بر لحاظ نمودن مکانیسم حبس فیزیکی که براساس اندازه ذرات و منافذ محیط متخلخل صورت می­گیرد، با وارد کردن تابع اشباع شدن سطح ذرات محیط متخلخل با نانوذرات و تابع حبس فیزیکی که تغییرات این مکانیسم با فاصله را لحاظ می­کند، بهترین برازش (90 %<R2) را در بین سه مدل به کار گرفته شده برای تخمین میزان انتقال نانوذرات از ستون خاک نشان می­دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Transfer of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Undisturbed Soil Columns: Effect of Flow Rate

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samira Omidi 1
  • Bijan Ghahraman 2
  • amir Fotovat 3
  • kamran Davary 4
1 PhD Student of irrigation and drainage, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
2 Professor of irrigation and drainage, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 Professor of Soil Sciences, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
4 Professor of irrigation and drainage, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Due to limitations of laboratory tools and difficulty in interpreting the results obtained from complex porous media such as soil, artificial porous media such as glass beads, pure sand and quartz and riverbed sand are oftenly used to investigate the transfer of nanoparticles in porous media. In this study, the effect of different flow rates on transfer of titanium dioxide nanoparticles was investigated in the undisturbed soil columns. The flow rate equal to 100, 90, 70 and 50% of the saturated hydraulic conductivity were applied on the soil columns by the peristaltic pump (BT100-1F). By measuring the breakthrough curves for each column, the parameters explaining the transfer of nanoparticles based on a one-site sorption model, one-kinetic site sorption model, and a two-kinetic site sorption model were determined. The results indicate by increasing the flow rate, the reltive concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles (C/Co) in the soil column increases from 3% to 28%. Among the three studied models, the two-kinetic site sorption model which consider the physical straining mechanism based on the particle size and porosity of the porous medium, the function of saturation of the porous media particles with nanoparticles and the physical straining function considering changes of this mechanism with distance, shows the best fit (R2>%90) for estimation of the nanoparticles transfer in the soil column.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • breakthrough curve
  • Desorption
  • sorption
  • unsaturation
Abbasi, F. (2017). Advanced of soil physics: Solute transport in soil (5th ed.). Tehran University Press.
Adam, V., Loyaux-Lawniczak, S. and Quaranta, G. (2015). Characterization of engineered TiO2 nanomaterials in a life cycle and risk assessments perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(15), 11175-11192.
Amoozegar-Fard, A., Warrick, A.W., and Fuller, A.H. (1983). A simplified model for solute movement through soils. Journal of Soil Science, 47, 1047-1049.
Ben-Moshe, T., Dror, I., Berkowitz, B. (2010). Transport of metal oxide nanoparticles in saturated porous media. Chemosphere, 81 (3), 387-393.
Bradford, S.A., Simunek, J., Bettahar, M., Van Genuchten, M.T., and Yates, S.R. (2003). Modeling colloid attachment, straining, and exclusion in saturated porous media. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 2242-2250.
Bradford, S.A., Simunek, J., Bettahar, M., van Genuchten, M.Th., and Yates, S.R. (2006). Significance of straining in colloid deposition: evidence and implications. Water Resources Research, 42 (12), 16pp.
Bradford, S.A., Torkzaban, S. (2008). Colloid transport and retention in unsaturated porous media: a review of interface-, collector-, and pore-scale processes and models. Vadose Zone Journal, 7 (2), 667–681.
Bradford, S.A., Torkzaban, S., and Walker, S.L. (2007). Coupling of physical and chemical mechanisms of colloid straining in saturated porous media. Water Research 41, 3012–3024.
Chen, G., Liu, X.and Su, C. (2011). Transport and Retention of TiO2 Rutile Nanoparticles in Saturated Porous Media under Low-Ionic-Strength Conditions: Measurements and Mechanisms. Langmuir, 27(9), 5393–5402.
Chen, L.X., Sabatini, D.A. and Kibbey, T.C.G. (2010). Retention and release of TiO2 nanoparticles in unsaturated porous media during dynamic saturation change. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 118(3-4), 199-207.
Choi, H. and Kanel, S. (2005). Transport characteristics of surfactant stabilized iron nano particle in unsaturated porous media. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 230, U1537-U1537.
Chowdhury, I., Hong, Y., Honda, R.J. and Walker, S.L. (2011). Mechanisms of TiO2 nanoparticle transport in porous media:Role of solution chemistry, nanoparticle concentration, and flowrate. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 360(2), 548-555.
Elimelech, M., Gregory, J., Jia, X., and Williams, R.A. (1995). Particle Deposition and Aggregation: Measurement, Modeling and Simulation. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., Oxford.
Fang, J., Shan, X., Wen, B., Lin, J., and Owens, G. (2009). Stability of titania nanoparticles in soil suspensions and transport in saturated homogeneous soil columns. Environmental Pollution, 157, 1101–1109.
Fang, J., Xu, M.j., Wang, D.j., Wen, B. and Han, J.Y. (2013). Modeling the transport of TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates in saturated and unsaturated granular media: effects of ionic strength and pH. Water Research, 47 (3), 1399-1408.
Gamerdinger, A.P., and Kaplan, D.I. (2001). Physical and chemical determinants of colloid transport and deposition in water- unsaturated sand and Yucca Mountain tuff material. Environmental Science & Technology, 35 (12), 2497-2504.
Gargiulo, G., Bradford, S., Simunek, J., Ustohal, P., Vereecken, H., and Klumpp, E. (2007). Bacteria transport and deposition under unsaturated conditions: the role of the matrix grain size and the bacteria surface protein. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 92 (3-4), 255-273.
Godinez, I.G. and Darnault, C.J.G. (2011). Aggregation and transport of nano-TiO2 in saturated porous media: Effects of pH, surfactants and flow velocity. Water Research, 45(2), 839-851.
Grieger, K.D., Fjordbøge, A., Hartmann, N.B., Eriksson, E., Bjerg, P.L., and Baun, A. (2010). Environmental benefits and risks of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) for in situ remediation: Risk mitigation or trade- off?. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 118, 165–183.
He, F., Zhang, M., Qian, T.W., and Zhao, D.Y. (2009). Transport of carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized iron nanoparticles in porous media:Column experiments and modeling. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 334(1), 96-102.
Jiang, X. J., Wang, X.T., Tong, M. P., and Kim, H. (2013). Initial transport and retention behaviors of ZnO nanoparticles in quartz sand porous media coated with Escherichia coli biofilm. Environmental Pollution, 174, 38-49.
Jones, E. H., and Su, C. M. (2012). Fate and transport of elemental copper (Cu-0) nanoparticles through saturated porous media in the presence of organic materials. Water Res. 46, 2445–2456.
Kuhlbusch, T.A.J.; Nickel, C.; Hellack, B., Gartiser, S.; Flach, F.; Schiwy, A.; Maes, H.; Schaeffer, A.; Erdinger, L.; Gabsch, S., and Stintz, M. (2012). Fate and behaviour of TiO2 nanomaterials in the environment, influenced by their shape, size and surface area, UBA Report 25/2012, pp. 163.
Lecoanet, H.F. and Wiesner, M.R. (2004). Velocity effects on fullerene and oxide nanoparticle deposition in porous media. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(16), 4377-4382.
Lecoanet, H.F., Bottero, J.Y., and Wiesner, M.R. (2004). Laboratory assessment of the mobility of nanomaterials in porous media. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(19), 5164-5169.
Li, X., Zhang, P., Lin, C.L. and Johnson, W.P. (2005). Role of hydrodynamic drag on microsphere deposition and re-entrainment in porous media under unfavorable conditions. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(11), 4012-4020.
Li, Y. S., Wang, Y.G., Pennell, K.D. and Abriola, L.M. (2008). Investigation of the transport and deposition of fullerene (C60) nanoparticles in quartz sands under varying flow conditions. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(19), 7174-7180.
Liang, Y., Bradford, S.A., Simunek, J., Vereecken, H., and Klumpp, E. (2013). Sensitivity of the transport and retention of stabilized silver nanoparticles to physicochemical factors. Water Research, 47 (7), 2572–2582.
Liu, C.L., Chang, T.W., Wang, M.K., and Huang, C.H. (2006). Transport of cadmium, nickel, and zinc in Taoyuan red soil usingone-dimensional convective–dispersive model. Geoderma, 131, 181-189.
Liu, H.T., Ma, L.L., Zhao, J.F., Liu, J., Yan, J.Y., Ruan, J., and Hong, F.S. (2009). Biochemical toxicity of nano-anatase TiO2 particles in mice. Biological Trace Element Research, 129 (1-3), 170-180.
Maciejewski, S. (1993). Numerical and experimental study of solute transport in unsaturated soils. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,14, 193-206.
Maraqa, M.A., Wallace, R.B., and Voice, T.C. (1997). Effects of degree of water saturation on dispersivity and immobile water in sandy soil columns. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 25, 199–218.
Marquardt, D.W. (1963). An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 11 (2), 431-441.
Mengestab, T. (2015). Fate and transport of nano-TiO2 in saturated porous media: Effect of pH, ionic strength and flow rate. Copyright © Tsegay Mengestab and the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala.
Mohammadi, J. (2007). Pedometry: Classical Statistics (1st ed.). Tehran: Pelk
Murdock, R.C., Braydich-Stolle, L., Schrand, A.M., Schlager, J.J., and Hussain, S.M. (2008). Characterization of nanomaterial dispersion in solution prior to in vitro exposure using dynamic light scattering technique. Toxicological Sciences, 101, 239– 253.
Nanomaterials Market– Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2014–2022 (Allied Market Research, September 2016)
.Nowack, B., and Bucheli, T.D. (2007). Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment. Environmental Pollution, 150(1), 5- 22.
Nutzmann, G., Maciejewski, S., and Joswig, K. (2002). Estimation of water sat- uration dependence of dispersion in unsaturated porous media: experiments and modelling analysis. Advances in Water Resources, 25.5, 565–576.
Omidi, S., Ghahraman, B., Fotovat, A. and Davary, K. (2019). Ultrasonic Dispersing of TiO2 Nanoparticles for Environmental Assessments. 4th International Congress of Developing Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Tourism of Iran. 13-15 Feb. 2019, Tabriz.
Ozaki, Y., and Kawata, S. (2015). Far and deep ultraviolet spectroscopy. ISBN 978-4-431-55549-0 (eBOOK).DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55549-0. www. Spriger. Com.
Prédélus, D., Lassabatere, L., Louis, C., Gehan, H., Brichart, T., Winiarski, T., and Angulo-Jaramillo, R. (2017). Nanoparticle transport in water-unsaturated porous media: effects of solution ionic strength and flow rate. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 19 (3), 104-121.
Rahman, T., George, J., and Shipley, H.J. (2013). Transport of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in saturated sand:effects of ionic strength, flow rate, and nanoparticle concentration. Science of the Total Environment, 463-464, 565-571.
Sharma, P., Bao, D., and Fagerlund, F. (2014). Deposition and mobilization of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes in saturated porous media:effect of grain size, flow velocity and solution chemistry. Environmental Earth Sciences, 72(8), 3025-3035.
Simunek, J., van Genuchten, M. Th., and Sejna, M. (2008). Development and applications of the HYDRUS and STANMOD software packages and related codes. Vadose Zone Journal, 7, 587–600.
Singh, S. (2002). Estimating dispersion coefficient and porosity from soil-column tests. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 128, 1095-1099.
Taghavy, A., Mittelman, A., Wang, Y., Pennell, K.D., and Abriola, L.M. (2013). Mathematical Modeling of the Transport and Dissolution of Citrate-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles in Porous Media. Environmental Science and Technology, 47(15), 8499-8507.
Torkzaban, S., Bradford, S.A., van Genuchten, M.Th., Walker, S.L. (2008). Colloid transport in unsaturated porous media: the role of water content and ionic strength on particle straining. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 96, 113–127.
Tosco, T., Bosch, J. Meckenstock, R. U., and Sethi, R. (2012). Transport of Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles in Saturated Porous Media: Role of Ionic Strength and Flow Rate. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(7), 4008–4015.
Tufenkji, N., and Elimelech, M. (2004). Correlation equation for predicting single-collector efficiency in physicochemical filtration in saturated porous media. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(2), 529-536.
US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2007). Nanotechnology White Paper. US EPA Office of the Science Advisor. EPA 100/B-07/001 | February
Van Genuchten, M.Th., and Wagenet, R.J. (1989). Two-site/two-region models for pesticide transport and degradation: theoretical development and analytical solutions. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 53 (5), 1303-1310.
Vanderborght, J., and Vereecken, H. (2007). Review of dispersivities for transport modeling in soils. Vadose Zone Journal, 6, 29–52.
Vanderborght, J., Gonzalez, C., Vanclooster, M., Mallants, D., and Feyen, J. (1997). Effects of Soil Type and Water Flux on Solute Transport. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61, 372-389.
Wang, D., Jin, Y., Park, C. M., Heo, J., Bai, X., Aich, N. and Su, C. (2018). Modeling the Transport of the “New-Horizon” Reduced Graphene Oxide—Metal Oxide Nanohybrids in Water-Saturated Porous Media. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(8), 4610-4622.
Wang, D.J., Bradford, S.A., Harvey, R.W., Gao, B., Cang, L., and Zhou, D.M. (2012). Humic acid facilitates the transport of ARS- labeled hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in iron oxyhydroxide- coated sand. Environmental Science & Technology, 46 (5), 2738-2745.
Wiesner, M. R., Lowry, G. V., Alvarez, P., Dionysiou, D. and Biswas, P. (2006). Assessing the risks of manufactured nanomaterials. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(14), 4336-4345.
Willmott, C.J. (1982). Some comments on the evaluation of model performance. Bulletin American Meteorological Society, 63(11), 1309-1313
Wu, W., Ichihara, G., Suzuki, Y., Izuoka, K., Oikawa-Tada, S., CHang, J., Sakai, K., Miyazawa, K., Porter, Castranova, V., Kawaguchi, M., and Ichihara, S. (2014). Dispersion method for safety research on manufactured nanomaterials. Industrial Health, 52, 54–65.
Zhang, L.L., Hou, L., Wang, L.L., Kan, A.T., Chen, W., and Tomson, M.B. (2012a). Transport of Fullerene Nanoparticles (nC60) in Saturated Sand and Sandy Soil: Controlling Factors and Modeling. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(13), 7230-7238.
Zhang, W., Crittenden, J., Li, K., and Chen, Y. (2012b). Attachment Efficiency of Nanoparticle Aggregation in Aqueous Dispersions: Modeling and Experimental Validation. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(13), 7054-7062.
Zhang, W., Morales, V. L., Cakmak, M. E., Salvucci, A. E., Geohring, L. D., Hay, A. G., Parlange, J. Y. and Steenhuis, T.S. (2010). Colloid Transport and Retention in Unsaturated Porous Media: Effect of Colloid Input Concentration. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(13), 4965-4972.