اثرات تبدیل یک خاک جنگلی به شالیزار بر خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک و تعیین شاخص‌های حساس به تغییر کاربری اراضی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 استاد، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

4 استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات منابع طبیعی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گیلان، سازمان تات، رشت، ایران

چکیده

فعالیت کشاورزی، به ویژه کشت برنج مسئول عمده تخریب جنگل­های طبیعی در شمال ایران است. این پژوهش به ­منظور بررسی اثر تبدیل جنگل طبیعی به شالیزار بر برخی ویژگی­های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک و تعیین حساس­ترین این پارامترها به آشفتگی یک اکوسیستم انجام گرفت. همچنین در این مطالعه برای ایجاد حداقل مجموعه داده از پارامترهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی اندازه­گیری شده، از روش تجزیه به مؤلفه اصلی، استفاده گردید.  لذا دو کاربری (جنگل طبیعی و شالیزار) در استان گیلان انتخاب و نمونه­برداری از 5 عمق (20-0، 40-20، 60-40، 80-60 و 100-80 سانتی­متر) در سه تکرار صورت پذیرفت. بافت خاک، چگالی، رطوبت در گنجایش زراعی، رس قابل‌انتشار، میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه، پ. هاش، هدایت الکتریکی، کربنات کلسیم، کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، کربوهیدرات­های قابل عصاره­گیری با اسید و کربوهیدرات­های قابل­عصاره­گیری با آب داغ در هر عمق تعیین و نتایج به­صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملاٌ تصادفی بررسی گردید. نتایج نشان داد با تغییر کاربری اراضی از جنگل بکر به شالیزار به­طور میانگین در کل خاکرخ چگالی ظاهری (15 درصد) و رس قابل‌انتشار (33 درصد) افزایش یافت. درحالی­که میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه (76 درصد)، محتوای کربن آلی (57 درصد)، نیتروژن کل (53 درصد) و ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (31 درصد) کاهش یافت. شاخص حساسیت (SI) نشان داد که در بین پارامترهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی به ترتیب میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه و کربن آلی در مقایسه با سایر پارامترها به تغییر کاربری اراضی حساس­تر بودند. استفاده از تجزیه و تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی (PCA) در این مطالعه نشان داد که چهار عامل تقریباً بیش از 90 درصد واریانس را در مقادیر میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه، کربن آلی، چگالی، درصد رطوبت در ظرفیت مزرعه، کربوهیدرات­های قابل­عصاره­گیر با اسید و کربوهیدرات­های قابل­عصاره­گیر با آب داغ توجیه نمودند. این پارامترها بیش­ترین برآورد اشتراکی بودن را نشان دادند و درصد رس کم­ترین اهمیت نسبی در بین تخمین مقادیر اشتراک را نشان داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effects of Changing Forest Land to Paddy Field on the Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soil and Determining Sensitive Indices to Land Use Change

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra varasteh khanlari 1
  • Ahmad Golchin 2
  • Parisa Alamdari 3
  • Saead Abdollah Mosavi Kupar 4
1 Ph.D. Student. Department of Soil Science. College of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Soil Science. College of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science. College of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
4 Research Assistant professor, Research center of Agriculture and Natural, Resources of Gilan province, (AREEC), Rasht, Iran
چکیده [English]

Agricultural activity, especially cultivating rice, is one of the main reason of the destruction of natural forests in the north of Iran. This study was performed to investigate the effects of changing natural forest to Paddy Field on some physical and chemical properties of the soil and to determine the most sensitive indices to the disturbance of an ecosystem. Moreover, in this study, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method was used to create a minimum set of data from measured physical and chemical parameters. Accordingly, two land uses (natural forest and paddy field) were selected in Gilan province and soil samples were collected from five different depths (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and 80-100) three times. Soil texture, density, field capacity, dispersible clay, mean weight diameter (MWD), pH, electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, extractable carbohydrates with acid and extractable carbohydrates with hot water at each depth were measured and the results were analyzed as factorial in a completely randomized design. The results indicated that by changing the land use from forest to paddy field, the average apparent density of the soil profile (15%) and dispersible clay (33%) were increased. However, the MWD (76%), organic carbon content (57%), total nitrogen (53%), and cation exchange capacity (31%) were reduced. The sensitivity index (SI) showed that among the physical and chemical parameters, MWD and organic carbon content were respectively more sensitive than the other parameters to land use change. The results of PCA revealed that the four factors could almost justify more than 90% of the variance in MWD, organic Carbone, density, moisture content in field capacity, extractable carbohydrates with acid, and extractable carbohydrates with hot water. These parameters showed the highest commonality and the clay percentage had the minimum relative importance among the estimation of commonality values.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Keywords: Soil quality
  • Land Use Change
  • Dispersible clay
  • Organic carbon
  • Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
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