بررسی تأثیر سامانه‌های خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی و کم خاک‌ورزی بر شاخص‌های کیفیت خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 استاد، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

چکیده

کیفیت خاک عبارت است از ظرفیت و عملکرد یک خاک مشخص در داخل محدوده­ زیست‌بوم‌های طبیعی یا تحت مدیریت انسان، برای تولیدات پایدار گیاهی و حیوانی، حفظ یا ارتقاء کیفیت آب ‌و هوا و حمایت از سلامت و مسکن انسانی. کیفیت خاک را نمی‌توان به‌طور مستقیم اندازه‌گیری کرد اما با استفاده از خصوصیات فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک قابل استنتاج می‌باشد. این مطالعه جهت بررسی اثر سامانه­های خاک­ورزی حفاظتی و کم خاک­ورزی در مقایسه با خاک­ورزی مرسوم، بر کیفیت خاک انجام شد. تیمارهای خاک­ورزی­ شامل بی­خاک­ورزی، کم خاک­ورزی با دیسک، خاک­ورزی مرکب و خاک­ورزی متداول بود. این بررسی پس از انجام پنج سال متوالی این تیمارها در منطقه مورد مطالعه صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که بی­خاک­ورزی، کم خاک­ورزی با دیسک و خاک­ورزی حفاظتی با خاک­ورز مرکب به ترتیب در عمق 10-0 سانتی­متری 79/32، 87/21 و 22/19 درصد، در عمق 20-10 سانتی­متری 94/18، 74/15 و 76/14 درصد و در عمق 30-20 سانتی­متری 32/17، 62/11 و 82/16 درصد در مقایسه با خاک­ورزی مرسوم باعث بهبود شاخص کیفیت تلفیقی خاک شدند. علاوه بر این شاخص کیفیت خاک نمرو نیز در کلیه تیمارها نسبت به شاهد (خاک­ورزی­ مرسوم) بهبود یافت. همچنین با افزایش عمق خاک، کیفیت خاک و میزان تأثیر تیمارها بر آن روند کاهشی نشان داد. با توجه به یافته­های این تحقیق، استفاده از سامانه بی­خاک­ورزی به دلیل بهبود کیفیت خاک، در منطقه مورد مطالعه و مناطق مشابه، به عنوان اقدام مفیدی در مدیریت پایدار خاک­ برای کشاورزان توصیه می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Effects of Conservation and Reduced Tillage Systems on Soil Quality Indices

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ramin Ghahramanpoor 1
  • Manoochehr Gorji 2
  • Ahmad Ali Pourbabaee 3
  • Mohsen Farahbakhsh 3
1 MS.C student, department of soil science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, university of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2 Professor, department of soil science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, university of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
3 Associate professor, department of soil science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, university of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Soil quality as "the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation. Soil quality cannot be directly measured, but it can be inference from the integration of soil physical, chemical and biological properties. This study was conducted to compare the effects of conservative, reduced, and conventional tillage on soil quality indices. Tillage treatments were no tillage, disc plow tillage, combination tillage, and conventional tillage, which have been performed for five years. The results showed that no tillage, disc plow tillage and combination tillage improved the integrated quality index of the soil (IQI) respectively as 32.79%, 21.78% and 16.82%,  for the depth of 0-10 cm, 18.94%, 15.74%, 14.76% for the depth of 10-20 cm, and 17.32%, 11.62%, 16.82% for the depth of 20-30 cm as compared to conventional tillage. Also, nemero quality index (NQI) of the soil was improved in all conservation treatments as compared to conventional tillage. Also, it was revealed that the soil quality decreased as the soil depth increases. Regarding to the research findings, the no tillage system, due to improvement of the soil quality, is recommended as a beneficial practice for farmers to manage the soil in the proposed and similar areas.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conventional tillage
  • Minimum Data Set
  • No tillage
  • Sustainable agriculture
  • Total Data Set

مراجع

Abdollahi, L., Hansen, E. M., Rickson, R. J., & Munkholm, L. J. (2015). Overall assessment of soil quality on humid sandy loams: Effects of location, rotation and tillage. Soil and Tillage Research, 145, 29-36.
Andrews, S. S., Karlen, D. L., & Cambardella, C. A. (2004). The soil management assessment framework. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68(6), 1945-1962.
Andrews, S. S., Mitchell, J. P., Mancinelli, R., Karlen, D. L., Hartz, T. K., Horwath, W. R., ... & Munk, D. S. (2002). On-farm assessment of soil quality in California's central valley. Agronomy Journal, 94(1), 12-23.
Aparicio, V., & Costa, J. L. (2007). Soil quality indicators under continuous cropping systems in the Argentinean Pampas. Soil and Tillage Research, 96(1), 155-165.
Armenise, E., Redmile-Gordon, M. A., Stellacci, A. M., Ciccarese, A., & Rubino, P. (2013). Developing a soil quality index to compare soil fitness for agricultural use under different managements in the Mediterranean environment. Soil and Tillage Research, 130, 91-98.
Arshad, M. A., & Martin, S. (2002). Identifying critical limits for soil quality indicators in agro-ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 88(2), 153-160.
Askari, M. S., & Holden, N. M. (2014). Indices for quantitative evaluation of soil quality under grassland management. Geoderma, 230, 131-142.
Banwart, S. (2011). Save our soils. Nature, 474(7350), 151-152.
Bower, C. A., Reitemeier, R. F., & Fireman, M. (1952). Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Science, 73(4), 251-262.
Bhaduri, D., & Purakayastha, T. J. (2014). Long-term tillage, water and nutrient management in rice–wheat cropping system: Assessment and response of soil quality. Soil and Tillage Research, 144, 83-95.
Blanco, H., & Lal, R. (2008). Principles of Soil Conservation and Management: Springer Science+ Business Media BV p 626.
Bone, J., Barraclough, D., Eggleton, P., Head, M., Jones, D. T., & Voulvoulis, N. (2014). Prioritising soil quality assessment through the screening of sites: the use of publicly collected data. Land Degradation & Development, 25(3), 251-266.
Bouma, J. (2015). Reaching out from the soil-box in pursuit of soil security. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 61(4), 556-565.
Bouma, J., & McBratney, A. (2013). Framing soils as an actor when dealing with wicked environmental problems. Geoderma, 200, 130-139.
Brevik, E. C., Cerdà, A., Mataix-Solera, J., Pereg, L., Quinton, J. N., Six, J., & Van Oost, K. (2015). The interdisciplinary nature of SOIL. Soil, 1(1), 117.
De Moraes, M. T., Debiasi, H., Carlesso, R., Franchini, J. C., da Silva, V. R., & da Luz, F. B. (2016). Soil physical quality on tillage and cropping systems after two decades in the subtropical region of Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research, 155, 351-362.
De Paul Obade, V., & Lal, R. (2014). Soil quality evaluation under different land management practices. Environmental earth sciences, 72(11), 4531-4549..
De Paul Obade, V., Lal, R., & Moore, R. (2014). Assessing the accuracy of soil and water quality characterization using remote sensing. Water resources management, 28(14), 5091-5109.
Doran, J. W., & Parkin, T. B. (1994). Defining and assessing soil quality. Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment, (definingsoilqua), 1-21.
Doran, J. W., Sarrantonio, M., & Liebig, M. A. (1996). Soil health and sustainability.
Glab, T., & Kulig, B. (2008). Effect of mulch and tillage system on soil porosity under wheat (Triticum aestivum). Soil and Tillage Research, 99(2), 169-178.
Govaerts, B., Sayre, K. D., & Deckers, J. (2006). A minimum data set for soil quality assessment of wheat and maize cropping in the highlands of Mexico. Soil and Tillage Research, 87(2), 163-174.
Gregorich, E. G., Drury, C. F., & Baldock, J. A. (2001). Changes in soil carbon under long-term maize in monoculture and legume-based rotation. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 81(1), 21-31.
Han, W. J., & Wu, Q. T. (1994). A primary approach on the quantitative assessment of soil quality. Chin. J. Soil Sci, 25, 245-247.
Herrick, J. E., Brown, J. R., Tugel, A. J., Shaver, P. L., & Havstad, K. M. (2002). Application of soil quality to monitoring and management. Agronomy Journal, 94(1), 3-11.
Hobbs, P. R., Sayre, K., & Gupta, R. (2008). The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 363(1491), 543-555.
Imaz, M. J., Virto, I., Bescansa, P., Enrique, A., Fernandez-Ugalde, O., & Karlen, D. L. (2010). Soil quality indicator response to tillage and residue management on semi-arid Mediterranean cropland. Soil and Tillage Research, 107(1), 17-25.
Kahlon, M. S., Lal, R., & Ann-Varughese, M. (2013). Twenty two years of tillage and mulching impacts on soil physical characteristics and carbon sequestration in Central Ohio. Soil and Tillage Research, 126, 151-158.
Karlen, D. L., & Stott, D. E. (1994). A framework for evaluating physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment, (definingsoilqua), 53-72.
Karlen, D. L., Mausbach, M. J., Doran, J. W., Cline, R. G., Harris, R. F., & Schuman, G. E. (1997). Soil quality: a concept, definition, and framework for evaluation (a guest editorial). Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61(1), 4-10.
Lal, R. (2009). Ten tenets of sustainable soil management. Journal of soil and water conservation, 64(1), 20A-21A.
Lal, R. (2013). Climate‐strategic agriculture and the water‐soil‐waste nexus. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 176(4), 479-493.
Locke, M. A., Zablotowicz, R. M., & Reddy, K. N. (2008). Integrating soil conservation practices and glyphosate‐resistant crops: impacts on soil. Pest management science, 64(4), 457-469.
Ohlinger, R., (1996). In: Schinner, F., Ohlinger, R., Kandeler, E., Margesin (Eds.), Methods in Soil Biology. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 241–243.
Olsen, S. R. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate.
Pittelkow, C. M., Liang, X., Linquist, B. A., Van Groenigen, K. J., Lee, J., Lundy, M. E., ... & van Kessel, C. (2015). Productivity limits and potentials of the principles of conservation agriculture. Nature, 517(7534), 365-368.
Qi, Y., Darilek, J. L., Huang, B., Zhao, Y., Sun, W., & Gu, Z. (2009). Evaluating soil quality indices in an agricultural region of Jiangsu Province, China. Geoderma, 149(3), 325-334.
Qin, M. Z., & Zhao, J. (2000). Strategies for sustainable use and characteristics of soil quality changes in urban-rural marginal area. ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA-CHINESE EDITION-, 55(5), 545-554.
Rahmanipour, F., Marzaioli, R., Bahrami, H. A., Fereidouni, Z., & Bandarabadi, S. R. (2014). Assessment of soil quality indices in agricultural lands of Qazvin Province, Iran. Ecological Indicators, 40, 19-26.
Shukla, M. K., Lal, R., & Ebinger, M. (2006). Determining soil quality indicators by factor analysis. Soil and Tillage Research, 87(2), 194-204.
Sun, B., Zhou, S., & Zhao, Q. (2003). Evaluation of spatial and temporal changes of soil quality based on geostatistical analysis in the hill region of subtropical China. Geoderma, 115(1), 85-99.
Yu, G., Fang, H., Gao, L., & Zhang, W. (2006). Soil organic carbon budget and fertility variation of black soils in Northeast China. Ecological Research, 21(6), 855-867.
Van Leeuwen, J. P., Lehtinen, T., Lair, G. J., Bloem, J., Hemerik, L., Ragnarsdóttir, K. V., ... & de Ruiter, P. C. (2015). An ecosystem approach to assess soil quality in organically and conventionally managed farms in Iceland and Austria. Soil, 1(1), 83.
Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 37(1), 29-38.
Wang, X., & Gong, Z. (1998). Assessment and analysis of soil quality changes after eleven years of reclamation in subtropical China. Geoderma, 81(3), 339-355.
World Health Organization, UNICEF. (2015). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: (2015) Update and Millenium Development Goals Assessment. World Health Organization, UNICEF, Division of Communication, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York 10017, USA.
Zhao, G., Mu, X., Wen, Z., Wang, F., & Gao, P. (2013). Soil erosion, conservation, and eco‐environment changes in the loess plateau of China. Land Degradation & Development, 24(5), 499-510.
Zornoza, R., Acosta, J. A., Bastida, F., Domínguez, S. G., Toledo, D. M., & Faz, A. (2015). Identification of sensitive indicators to assess the interrelationship between soil quality, management practices and human health. Soil, 1(1), 173.
تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 49، شماره 6
بهمن و اسفند 1397
صفحه 1355-1364

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار