اثر سه سال آتش‌سوزی متوالی بر برخی از ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی یک خاک جنگلی در اطراف دریاچه زریوار مریوان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشکدة کشاورزی دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی‏ ارشد گروه جنگل‏داری دانشکدة منابع طبیعی دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج

3 استادیار گروه جنگل‏داری و مرکز پژوهش و توسعة جنگل‏داری زاگرس شمالی، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج

4 دانشیار گروه جنگل‏داری و مرکز پژوهش و توسعة جنگل‏داری زاگرس شمالی، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج

چکیده

این پژوهش به منظور بررسی اثر سه سال آتش‏سوزی متوالی بر برخی ویژگی‏های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک سطحی (0ـ 5 سانتی‏متر) و خاک زیر‏سطحی (5ـ 10 سانتی‏متر) در جنگل تپه درویش واقع در اطراف دریاچۀ زریوار مریوان انجام شد. تیمار شاهد نیز با شرایط یکسان در کنار منطقة سوخته و بدون اثر آتش‏سوزی انتخاب شد. از منطقة سوخته و شاهد هر یک سه نمونة تصادفی مرکب، از دو عمق یادشده، برداشته شد. نمونه‏ها برای بافت خاک، pH، هدایت الکتریکی (EC)، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (CEC)، کربن آلی کل، نیتروژن کل و نیتروژن نیتراتی (NO3--N) و آمونیومی (NH4+-N)، فسفر، پتاسیم، کلسیم، و منیزیم قابل دسترس و همچنین کربنات کلسیم معادل (TNV) با استفاده از روش‏های استاندارد تجزیه شدند. نتایج نشان داد به طور عموم آتش‏سوزی بر ویژگی‏های بررسی‏شدة خاک سطحی بیشترین اثر و بر خاک زیر‏سطحی اثری میانه دارد. هدایت الکتریکی و TNV با بیشترین میزان در خاک سوخته تغییرات شایان توجه از خود نشان دادند. همچنین، میزان قابل دسترس نیتروژن، پتاسیم، فسفر، کلسیم، و منیزیم پس از آتش‏سوزی افزایش یافت؛ در حالی که CEC در خاک سوخته‏شده در مقایسه با خاک شاهد بدون تغییر باقی ماند. میزان pH و مقدار کربن و نیتروژن کل خاک نیز افزایش اندکی در خاک سوخته‏شده از خود نشان دادند. همچنین بافت خاک با نشان دادن میزان کمتر رس در خاک سوخته‏شده سبک شد. در مجموع، نتیجه گرفته شد که آتش‏سوزی بر ویژگی‏های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک اثر چشمگیری دارد و سبب کاهش کیفیت خاک اراضی جنگلی می‏شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Three Successive Years of Fire on Some Physicochemical Properties of a Forest Soil around Zarivar Lake in Marivan

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahed Sharifi 1
  • Chiako Nazari 2
  • Kyumars Mohammadi Samani 3
  • Naghi Shabanian 4
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
2 Graduate Student, Forestry, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry and Center for Research and Development of Northern Zagros Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan
4 Associate Professor, Department of Forestry and Center for Research and Development of Northern Zagros Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan
چکیده [English]

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of three successive years of fire burning on some physicochemical properties of surface (0-5 cm) and subsurface soil (5-10 cm) in Tappeh Darvish forest located in the surroundings of Zarivar Lake, Marivan. A control with similar conditions, but not affected by fire was selected in the vicinity of the fire burned area. Three composite soil samples were taken from the mentioned depths in the burned site and from control site. The samples were analyzed for texture, EC, pH, T.O.C, T.N, Nava. (NO3- and NH4+), Pava., Kava., Ca ava., Mg ava., Cation Exchangeable Capacity (CEC) and Total Neutralizing Value (TNV) contents using standard methods. The results showed that, in general, changes in the soil properties following fire were greatest at the subsurface soil and more modest at the subsurface soils. Soil TNV and EC content changed notably, following fire, with higher values in burned soils. Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium became more available following fire, while CEC levels were found to be unchanged in the burned soil in comparison with the unburned soil. Soil pH, total C and N content slightly increased in the burned soil. Furthermore, the soil texture became lighter following fire with a lower content of clay in the burned soils. In total, it was concluded that fire significantly affects soil physicochemical properties and reduces the quality of soil as in forestlands.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Forest soil
  • Marivan
  • Soil physicochemical properties
  • Successive fire
Bohn, H. L., McNeal, B. L. and O’Connor, G. A. (1985). Soil chemistry. Wiley Interscience, New York.
Botha, C. R. and Webb, M. M. (1952). The versenate method for the determination of calcium and magnesium in mineralized waters containing large concentrations of interfering ions: Institute of Water Engineers Journal: 6.

Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 56, 464-465.

Bremener, J. M. and Mulvaney, C. S. (1982). Nitrogen total. In. Page, A. L. et. al. Method of soil analysis. Part 2. American Society of Agronomy Inc Madison, Wisconsin USA., Pp. 595-624.
Bremner, J. M. and Keeney D. R. (1965). Steam distillation methods for determination of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite. Analytica Chimica Acta, 32, 485-495.
Brye, K. R. (2006). Soil physiochemical changes following 12 years of annual burning in a humid- subtropical tallgrass prairie: A hypothesis. Acta Oecological, 30, 407–413.
Brye, K. R., Norman, J. M., and Gower, S. T. (2002). The fate of nutrients following three and six-year burn intervals in restored tallgrass prairie in Wisconsin. American Middle Nature, 148, 28–42.
Cerda, A., Imeson, A. C., and Calvo, A. (1995). Fire and aspect induced differences on the erodibility and hydrology of soils at La Costera, Valencia, and southeast Spain. Catena, 24, 289-304.
Certini, G. (2005). Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia, 143 (1), 1-10.
Chansuk U. (1990). Effects of fire frequencies on soil properties in dry dipterocarp forest at Sakaerat, Changwat Nakhonratchasima. Thesis. Kasetsart University.
Coults, J. R. H. (1945). Effects of veld burning on base exchanging capacity of soils. South African Journal of Science, 41, 218-224.
Doerr, S. H. and Cerda, A. (2005). Fire effects on soil system functioning: new insights and future challenges. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 14, 339-342.
Erickson, H. E. and White R. (2008). Soils under fire: Soils Research and the Joint Fire Science Program. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon.
Fynn, R. W. S., Haynes, R. J., and O’Connor, T. G. (2003). Burning causes long-term changes in soil organic matter content of a South African grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35(5), 677–687.
Garcia-Marco, S. and Gonzalez-Prieto, S. (2008). Short- and medium-term effects of fire and fire-fighting chemicals on soil micronutrient availability. Science of Total Environment, 407, 297–303.
Granged, A. J. P., Jordán A., Zavala, L. M., Muñoz-Rojas, M., and Mataix-Solera, J. (2011b). Short-term effects of experimental fire for a soil under eucalyptus forest (SE Australia). Geoderma, 167–168, 125–134.
Granged, A. J. P., Zavala, L. M., Antonio, J., and Bárcenas-Moreno, G. (2011a). Post-fire evolution of soil properties and vegetation cover in a Mediterranean heathland after experimental burning: A 3-year study. Geoderma, 164, 85-94.
Greene, R. S. B., Chartres, C. J., and Hodgkinson K. C. (1990). The Effects of Fire on the Soil in a Degraded Semi-arid Woodland. I. Cryptogam Cover and Physical and Micromorphological Properties. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 28, 755-77.
Heidary, J. and Ghorbani Dashtaki, Sh. (2013). The effect of fire on soil quality in semi-steppe rangelands of Karsanak, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 20 (2).(In Farsi).
Hernandez, T., Garcia, C., and Reinhardt, I. (1997). Short-term effect of wildfire on the chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties of Mediterranean pine forest soils. Biology Fertile Soils, 25 (1), 109-116.
Hubbert, K. R., Preisler, H. K., Wohlgemuth, P. M., Graham, R. G., and Narog, M. G. (2006). Prescribed burning effects on soil physical properties and waterrepellency in a steep chaparral watershed, Southern California, USA. Geoderma, 130, 284-298.
Iglesias, M. T. (2010). Effects of fire frequency on nutrient levels in soils of Aleppo pine forests in southern France. Lazaroa, 31, 147-152.
Johnson, W. J. and Curtis, P. S. (2001). Effects of forest management on soil C and N storage: Meta analysis. Forest Ecology and Management, 140 (2/3), 227– 238.
Ketterings, Q. M. and Bigham, J. M. (2000). Soil color as an indicator of slash-and-burn fire severity and soil fertility in Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64, 1826-1833.
Khanna, P. K. and Raison, R. J. (1986). Effect of fire intensity on solution chemistry of surface soil under a Eucalyptus pauciflora forest. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 24, 423–34.
Kutiel, P. and Naveh, Z. (1987). The effect of fire on nutrients in a pine forest soil. Plant and Soil, 104, 269-274.
Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O’Neill, B., Skjemstad, J. O., Thies, J., Luizao, F. J., Petersen, J., and Neves, E. G. (2006). Blackcarbon increases cation exchange capacity insoils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70, 1719– 1730.
Loeppert, R. H. and Sparks, D. L. (1996). Carbonate and gypsum, P 437-475. In: Sparks, D. L. (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 3, chemical method, SSSA, Madison, Winsconsin, USA.
Marcos, E., Tarrega, R., and Luis, E. (2007). Changes in a Humic Cambisol heated (100-500 °C) under laboratory conditions: The significance of heating time. Geoderma, 138, 237-243.
Murphy, J. and Riley J. P. A. (1962). Modified single solution method for determination of phosphatein natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27, 31–36.
Naidu, C. V. and Srivasuki, K. P. (1994). Effect of forest fire on soil characteristics in different areas of Seshachalam hills. Annals of Forestry, 2 (1), 166-173.
Nardoto, G. B. and da Cunha Bustamante, M. M. (2003). Effects of fire on soil nitrogen dynamics and microbial biomass in savannas of Central Brazil. Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Brasil, Brasilia, 38 (8), 955-962.
Neary, D. G., Ryan, K. C., and DeBano, L. F. (2005). Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on soils and water. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station 4. 250 p
Nelson, D. W. and Sommers L. E. (1996). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods; Sparks, D.L., (ed), SSSA Book Series No. 5; Soil Science Society of America: Madison, Wisconsin, 961–1010.
Oluwole, F. A., Sambo J. M., and Sikhalazo D. (2008). Long-term effects of different burning frequencies on the dry savannah grassland in South Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3 (2),147-153.
Parlak, M. (2011). Effect of heating on some physical, chemical and mineralogical aspects of forest soil. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi,19,143-152.
Riddell, E. S., Khan, A., Mauck, B., Ngcobo, S., Pasi, J., and Pickles, A. (2012). Preliminary assessment of the impact of long-term fire treatments on in situ soil hydrology inthe Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 54(1), Art. #1070, 7 pages. From http:// dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe. v54i1.1070.
Rowell, D. L. (1994). Soil Science: Methods and Applications, 345. Longman Group, Harlow.
Suzanne, M., Prober, A. D., Ian, D., Lunt, B., Kevin, R., and Thiele, C. (2008). Effects of fire frequency and mowing on a temperate, derived grassland soil in south-eastern Australia. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17, 586–594.
Terefe, T., Mariscal-Sancho, I., Peregrina, F., and Espejo, R. (2008). Influence of heating on various properties of six Mediterranean soils: A laboratory study. Geoderma, 143, 273-280.
Thornley, J. H. M. and Cannell, M. G. R. (2004). Long-term effects of fire frequency on carbon storage and productivity of boreal forests: a modeling study. Tree Physiology, 24, 765–773.
Ulery, A. L., Graham, R. C., and Amrhein, C. (1993). Wood-ash composition and soil pH following intense burning. Soil Science, 156 (1), 358-364.
Verma, S. and Jayakumar, S. (2012). Impact of forest fire on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil: A review. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2(3), 168-176.
Yusiharni, E. and Gilkes, R. J. (2010). Soil minerals recover after they are damaged by bushfires. In Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, August 1–6 2010, Brisbane, Australia, from http://www.iuss.org.
Zabowski, D., Thies, W. G., Hatten, J., and Ogden, A. (2007). Soil Response to Season and Interval of Prescribed Fire in a Ponderosa Pine Forest of the Blue Mountains, Oregon.JFSP Research Project Reports.Paper 120.
Zhao, H., Tong, D.Q., Lin, Q., Lu, X., and Wang, G. (2012). Effect of fires on soil organic carbon pool andmineralization in a Northeastern China wetland. Geoderma, 189–190, 532–539.