اثر شوری، کود فسفر و کشت مخلوط گندم با خلر و ماشک بر فسفر قابل‌جذب و شکل‌های فسفر معدنی در یک خاک شن لومی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز

3 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.

4 بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران؛

10.22059/ijswr.2024.380118.669770

چکیده

در این پژوهش، دو آزمایش جداگانه هر یک به‌صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی و با سه تکرار انجام شد. در آزمایش اول، اثر کشت، شوری و کود فسفر بر Olsen-P و شکل‌های فسفر معدنی با سه عامل نوع کشت در شش سطح (بدون کشت، تک‌کشتی گندم، تک‌کشتی خلر، تک‌کشتی ماشک، کشت مخلوط گندم-خلر، کشت مخلوط گندم-ماشک)، کود فسفر در دو سطح (صفر و 80 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) و شوری خاک (ECe) در دو سطح (75/0 و 5/7 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر) بررسی شد. آزمایش دوم برای بررسی اثر زمان، شوری و کود فسفر بر Olsen-P و شکل‌های فسفر معدنی در شرایط بدون کشت با سه عامل زمان در دو سطح (صفر و 90 روز) و کود فسفر و شوری (با همان سطوح آزمایش اول) انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که کشت گیاهان گندم، خلر و ماشک در هر دو شرایط تک‌کشتی و کشت مخلوط، Olsen-P، NH4F-P، NaOH-P، H2SO4-P و مجموع شکل‌های فسفر خاک را کاهش داد. در شرایط با کود فسفر، Available-P در خاک ریزوسفر بیشتر از خاک توده و در کشت مخلوط بیشتر از تک‌کشتی بود. 90 روز پس از مصرف کود فسفر، شوری سدیم کلرید در خاک، NH4Cl-P، NH4F-P و NaOH-P را کاهش و Olsen-P و H2SO4-P را افزایش داد. مسن شدن پس از مصرف کود فسفر، NH4Cl-P و Olsen-P  را کاهش و NH4F-P، NaOH-P و H2SO4-P را افزایش داد. در شرایط با کود فسفر، عصاره‌گیر Olsen ممکن است مقدار Available-P گندم، خلر و ماشک را در شرایط تک‌کشتی و کشت مخلوط کمتر برآورد نماید. کشت مخلوط گندم-خلر و گندم-ماشک و مصرف 80 میلی‌گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک در شرایط مشابه می‌تواند توصیه شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of salinity, phosphorus fertilizer, and intercropping of wheat with lathyrus, and vetch on available-P and inorganic P fractions in a loamy sand soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Alizadeh 1
  • Nosratollah Najafi 2
  • Shahin Oustan 3
  • Aziz Majidi 4
1 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Soil Science Depertment, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz , Tabriz, Iran
3 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
4 Soil and Water Research Dept., West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Urmia, Iran
چکیده [English]

In this research, two separate experiments were carried out as factorial on the basis of completely randomized design with three replications. In the first experiment, the effects of cultivation, salinity, and phosphorus (P) fertilizer on available-P and inorganic P fractions were investigated with three factors of cultivation type at six levels (No cultivation, wheat monoculture, lathyrus monoculture, vetch monoculture, wheat-Lathyrus intercropping, wheat-vetch intercropping), P fertilizer at two levels (zero and 80 mg P/kg) and soil salinity (ECe) at two levels (0.75 and 7.5 dS/m) under greenhouse conditions. The second experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of ageing, salinity, and P fertilizer on Olsen-P and inorganic P fractions with three factors of time at two levels (zero and 90 days), P at two levels (zero and 80 mg P/kg), and ECe at two levels (0.75 and 7.5 dS/m) under laboratory conditions. Results showed that the cultivation of wheat, lathyrus, and vetch in both monoculture and intercropping conditions decreased Olsen-P, NH4F-P, NaOH-P, H2SO4-P, and sum of P fractions. Under P using conditions, available-P in the rhizosphere soil was more than the one in bulk soil and in intercroping it was more than the one in monoculture. In 90 days after P using, NaCl salinity decreased NH4Cl-P, NH4F-P, and NaOH-P while increased Olsen-P and H2SO4-P compared to non-saline conditions. Aging after P using decreased NH4Cl-P and Olsen-P and increased NH4F-P, NaOH-P, and H2SO4-P. Under P using conditions, Olsen extractant may underestimate soil P availablity for wheat, lathyrus, and vetch plants at both monoculture and intercropping conditions. Generally, intercropping of wheat-Lathyrus and wheat-vetch and using 80 mg P fertilizer per kg of soil can be recommedded under similar conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ageing
  • Bioavailability
  • Phosphorus fractionation
  • Plant cultivation
  • Soil salinization

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

The use of phosphorus (P) chemical fertilizers has increased as a result of the world's growing population and rising food demand. The world's non-renewable supply of phosphate rock, which is used to make P fertilizers, is expected to decrease due to this trend. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity, plant cultivation, cultivation method (monoculture and mixed cropping), P fertilizer, and the passage of time on the inorganic P forms and plant available-P. It is expected that mixed cropping can reduce the application of P fertilizers in both saline and non-saline conditions and improve the quality and quantity of agricultural crops.

Methodology

In this research, two separate experiments were carried out as factorial on the basis of completely randomized design with three replications. In the first experiment, the effects of cultivation, salinity, and P fertilizer on available-P and inorganic P forms were investigated with three factors of cultivation type at six levels (without cultivation, monoculture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), monoculture of lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus L.), monoculture of vetch (Vicia sativa L.), wheat-Lathyrus intercropping, and wheat-vetch intercropping), P fertilizer at two levels (zero and 80 mg P per kg soil as KH2PO4) and salinity of soil saturated extract (ECe) at two levels (0.75 and 7.5 dS/m as NaCl) under greenhouse conditions. The second experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of ageing, salinity, and P fertilizer on Olsen-P and inorganic P forms under uncultivated conditions with three factors of time at two levels (zero and 90 days) and P fertilizer and salinity (at the same levels of the first experiment). At the end of the growth period, the plants were harvested and the soil samples were immediately taken from the cultivated and uncultivated pots and the Olsen-P and inorganic P forms were determined using the Olsen and Kuo methods, repevtively.

Results and Discussions

The results showed that the effects of salinity, cultivation, P fertilizer, and ageing on Olsen-P and all inorganic P fractions were significant. Cultivation of wheat, lathyrus, and vetch plants in both monoculture and intercropping conditions decreased Olsen-P, NH4F-P, NaOH-P, H2SO4-P, and sum of P fractions compared to the without cultivation at both with and without P fertilizer conditions. However, in P fertilized conditions, the sum of Olsen-P and palnt P uptake (Olsen-P+Puptake) uner all three plants cultivation conditions (monoculture and intercropping) was more than the uncultivated pots, which indicates an increase in the bioavailability of P in the rhizosphere soil of these plants. In uncultivated conditions and 90 days after P fertilizer using, NaCl salinity decreased the amount of NH4Cl-P, NH4F-P, and NaOH-P while increased Olsen-P and H2SO4-P compared to the non-saline conditions. In uncultivated conditions and no-application of P fertilizer, NaCl salinity had no significant effect on Olsen-P and all inorganic P fractions. Immediately after P fertilizer application in the soil, Olsen-P, NH4Cl-P, and sum of P fractions were increased, while NH4F-P, NaOH-P, and H2SO4-P did not change significantly. In 90 days after using P fertilizer in the soil compared to the first day, NH4Cl-P and Olsen-P were decreased while NH4F-P, NaOH-P, and H2SO4-P were increased.

Conclusion

The results showed that under P fertilizer application conditions, the Olsen extractant may underestimate the amount of available-P for wheat, lathyrus, and vetch plants in the studied soil at both cultivation methods (monoculture and intercropping). Soil salinization by NaCl salt had different effects on Olsen-P and all inorganic P fractions under with and without P application conditions. Under P using conditions, available-P was more in the rhizosphere soil (cultivated) than the bulk soil (uncultivated) and in the intercroping than the monoculture. In general, in both saline and non-saline conditions, the mixed culture of wheat- Lathyrus and wheat-vetch and application of P fertilizer at the rate of 80 mg P/kg are recommended at the same conditions. 

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.A. and N.N.; methodology, M.A. and N.N.; software, M.M. and N.N.; validation, M.A., N.N., S.O., and A.M.; formal analysis, M.M. and N.N.; investigation, M.A.; resources, M.M. and N.N.; data curation, M.A. and N.N.; writing—original draft preparation, M.A. and N.N.; writing–review and editing, N.N., S.O., and A.M.; visualization, M.A. and N.N.; supervision, N.N.; project administration, N.N.; funding acquisition, N.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

Data is available on reasonable request from the authors.

Acknowledgements

This paper is published as a part of a Ph.D. dissertation supported by the Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology of the University of Tabriz, Iran. The authors are thankful to the University of Tabriz for financial supports.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 55، شماره 10
دی 1403
صفحه 1823-1844

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