نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Non-observance of rotation in rainfed fields is one of the main problems of crop production in Iran. On the other hand, the introduction of a new plant into the crop rotation of a country requires comprehensive agronomic, climatic and soil studies. Camelina plant has been imported into the country for several years and its seeds have been localized. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the cropping years from 1397 to 1398 in the research farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University as a split plot factorial with three factors of tillage system, mycorrhiza and planting density based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot includes tillage systems in three levels including conventional tillage (moldboard plow and disc); minimal tillage (chisel), no tillage (planting directly into the plant residues) and sub-plot, a combination of two factors of mycorrhizal inoculation at two levels: mycorrhiza application and non-application of mycorrhiza and planting density at three levels (300-600-900 seeds per square meter). The effect of the year on yield and yield components of camelina was very significant. But the interaction effect of year and other experimental factors was not significant. The results showed that camelina has non-mycorrhizal roots. The use of mycorrhiza in this study had no significant effect on camelina growth and yield. This finding is a confirmation of the results obtained from the research conducted on other crops of the camelina family. According to the results, minimum tillage system along with density of 900 seeds per square meter is suggested for maximum increase in grain (570.2 kg h-1 and biological yield (3135 kg h-1).
کلیدواژهها [English]
EXTENDED ABSTRACT
Iran is situated within the arid and semi-arid regions of the earth, rendering it vulnerable to the repercussions of even the slightest shifts in environmental conditions. The country experiences a yearly rainfall average of 210 mm, which is less than a quarter of the global average of 860 mm. It is of paramount importance to implement agricultural product slaughter patterns in line with regional and national requirements, while taking into consideration the relative advantages of different products in various regions. Failure to comply with the cropping pattern may lead to unforeseen consequences, including water insecurity and underproduction, and ultimately affect the food security and economic well-being of rural communities. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, also known as false flax, is a plant belonging to the (Cruciferae) Brassicaceae family and is not widely known or developed.
To introduce a plant to a new agricultural region, it is imperative to assess the soil, nutrition, and ecosystem factors that are associated with it. Given its limited presence in scientific literature, this study aims to examine the relationship between the plant and its biological factors, as well as the state of the soil under its cultivation, in order to make informed decisions about cropping pattern of the crop in the region.
For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the cropping years from 1397 to 1398 in the research farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University as a split plot factorial with three factors of tillage system, mycorrhiza and planting density based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot includes tillage systems onin three levels including conventional tillage (moldboard plow and disc); minimal tillage (chisel), no tillage (planting directly into the plant residues) and sub-plot, a combination of two factors of mycorrhizal inoculation at two levels: mycorrhiza application and non-application of mycorrhiza and planting density at three levels (300-600-900 seeds per square meter).Camelina cultivar used by Sohail was obtained was obtained from Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University. No chemical fertilizer was used in this study. For the application of mycoroot fertilizer was used, which was obtained from the Water and Soil Institute of the Iran country. This fertilizer contains three types of: Glomus mossea, Glomus intraradices, and Glomus etunicatum.
The results of the variance analysis of compound properties for two years showed that the effect of mycorrhizal on yield, yield components, and leaf phosphorus was not significant. The variance time analysis results on non-colonization and non-compatibility of the complete root with three types of consumption mycorrhizal fungi revealed that even the effects of the year did not affect the consumption of microbiome. Time passing did not cause stability or colonization on the roots. The results of the variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of the year on the yield and yield components, number of pods per main branch, number of pods per sub branch , total number of pods per plant , number of seeds per pods and biomass were significant only the weight of 1000 seeds was not affected by the year. The effects of tillage systems on yield and yield components and biomass had a significant effect on minimum tillage (chisel); More the lowest yield and yield components belonged to the tillage system without plowing. The average comparison results showed that the highest total number of pods per plant was at a density of 900 plants per square meter and no mycorrhiza use, and the lowest number was at a density of 300 plants and mycorrhiza use.
To safeguard resources, it is essential to modify the cultivation pattern of each region. It is imperative to investigate and evaluate the latest plant varieties. Camelina is a low growing plant. The current test results indicate that minimum tillage system and 900 seeds density per square meter are recommended for optimal yield enhancement. Moreover, the influence of the year on the yield and elements of excellence was noteworthy. Among the meteorological factors in this research, rain and temperature had the most significant impact on the growth of the plant and its components of complete performance. Hence, in years of low rainfall, the implementation of supplemental irrigation is suggested. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi did not have a significant effect on yield and components yield of the complete performance, which reinforces the non-mycorrhizal plant.
All authors contributed equally to the conceptualization of the article and writing of the original and subsequent drafts.
Data available on request from the authors.
The authors would like to thank all participants of the present study.
The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Ahmadi, K., Ebadzadeh, H., Hatami, F., Abdshah, H., & Kazemian, A. (2020). Agricultural statistics for the year 2018-2019: crops (volume 1). Information and Communication Technology Centre of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. (In Persian)
Akk, E., & Ilumäe, E. (2005). Possibilities of growing Camelina sativa in ecological cultivation. Estonian Res Institute Agric, 1, 28-33.
Al-Sherif, E., Hegazy, A., Gomaa, N., & Hassan, M. (2013). Allelopathic effect of black mustard tissues and root exudates on some crops and weeds. Planta Daninha, 31, 11-19.
Angelopoulou, F., Tsiplakou, E., & Bilalis, D. (2020). Tillage intensity and compost application effects on organically grown camelina productivity, seed and oil quality. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 48(4), 2153-2166.
Arihara, J., & Karasawa, T. (2000). Effect of previous crops on arbuscular mycorrhizal formation and growth of succeeding maize. Soil science and plant nutrition, 46(1), 43-51.
Bates, B., Kundzewicz, Z., & Wu, S. (2008). Climate change and water. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Secretariat.
Belayneh, H. D., Wehling, R. L., Cahoon, E., & Ciftci, O. N. (2015). Extraction of omega-3-rich oil from Camelina sativa seed using supercritical carbon dioxide. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 104, 153-159.
Bobrecka-Jamro, M. C. (2017). The effects of varied plant density and nitrogen fertilization on quantity and quality yield of Camelina sativa L. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 988-993.
Brundrett, M. C. (2009). Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant and Soil, 320, 37-77.
Bücking, H., Liepold, E., & Ambilwade, P. (2012). The role of the mycorrhizal symbiosis in nutrient uptake of plants and the regulatory mechanisms underlying these transport processes. Plant Sci, 4, 108-132.
Caliskan, S., Arslan, M., Arioglu, H., & Isler, N. (2004). Effect of planting method and plant population on growth and yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in a Mediterranean type of environment. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 3(5), 610-613.
Casanoves, F., Macchiavelli, R., & Balzarini, M. 2007. Models for multi-environment yield trials with fixed and random block effects and homogeneous and heterogeneous residual variances. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 91(3–4), 117–131.Chamberlain, S. A., Bronstein, J. L., & Rudgers, J. A. (2014). How context dependent are species interactions? Ecology letters, 17(7), 881-890.
Cosme, M., Fernández, I., Van der Heijden, M. G., & Pieterse, C. M. (2018). Non-mycorrhizal plants: the exceptions that prove the rule. Trends in plant science, 23(7), 577-587.
Demars, B. G., & Boerner, R. E. (1996). Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal development in the Brassicaceae in relation to plant life span. Flora, 191(2), 179-189.
Dobre, P., Farcaş, N., Udroiu, N.-A., Gidea, M., & Moraru, A. C. (2014). Research on Camelina sativa wintering, by genotype and fertilizer doses used, in the pedo-climatical conditions from the south of Romania. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 19(6), 9964-9973.
Dobre, P., & Jurcone, Ș. (2011). Camelina sativa-an oilseed crop with unique agronomic characteristics. Scientific Papers-Series A, Agronomy, 54, 425-430.
Francis, R., & Read, D. (1994). The contributions of mycorrhizal fungi to the determination of plant community structure. Plant and Soil, 159, 11-25.
Gesch, R., Dose, H., & Forcella, F. (2017). Camelina growth and yield response to sowing depth and rate in the northern Corn Belt USA. Industrial Crops and Products, 95, 416-421.
Hocking, P., Mead, J., Good, A., & Diffey, S. (2003). The response of canola (Brassica napus L.) to tillage and fertiliser placement in contrasting environments in southern NSW. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 43(11), 1323-1335.
Hu, X., Yan, S., & Li, S. (2014). The influence of error variance variation on analysis of genotype stability in multi-environment trials. Field Crops Research, 156, 84-90.
Hugh, G. and H.G. Gauch. 1988. Model selection and validation for yield trials with interaction. Biometrica 44: 705- 715
Jewett, F. G. (2013). Camelina variety performance for yield, yield components and oil characteristics Colorado State University].
Johnson, E. N., Falk, K., Klein-Gebbinck, H., Lewis, L., Vera, C., Gan, Y., Hall, L., Topinka, K., Phelps, S., & Davey, B. (2010). Optimizing seeding rates and plant densities for Camelina sativa. Soils and Crops Workshop,
Kahrizi, D., Kazemitabar, S., Soorni, J., Rostami-Ahmadvandi, H., Falah, F., Akbarabadi, A., Raziei, Z., & Bakhsham, M. (2016). Introducing of camelina medicinal-oil plant for dryland conditions in Iran. National Conference on the Impact of Climate Change on Plant Production,
Karasawa, T., & Takebe, M. (2012). Temporal or spatial arrangements of cover crops to promote arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and P uptake of upland crops grown after nonmycorrhizal crops. Plant and Soil, 353, 355-366.
Karimi, V., Karami, E., & Keshavarz, M. (2018). Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptive responses in Iran. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(1), 1-15.
Kelley, H. W. (1983). Keeping the land alive: soil erosion--its causes and cures (Vol. 50). Food & Agriculture Org.
Keshavarz-Afshar, R., Mohammed, Y. A., & Chen, C. (2015). Energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions of dryland camelina as influenced by tillage and nitrogen. Energy, 91, 1057-1063.
Kheiri, M., Kambouzia, J., Deihimfard, R., Yaghoubian, I., & Movahhed Moghaddam, S. (2021). Response of rainfed chickpea yield to spatio-temporal variability in climate in the Northwest of Iran. International Journal of Plant Production, 15(3), 499-510.
Kiani, S., Shahraki, J., Akbari, A., & Sardar Shahraki, A. (2020). The Effect of Climate Change on Iran's Agricultural Production: A Case Study of Wheat Crop. Applied Field Crops Research, 32(04), 109-127.
Kiani Ghalehsard, S, Shahraki, J, Akbari, A, & shahraki, A.S. (2020). Investigating the Effects of climate change on food security of Iran. journal of natural environment hazards, 8(22 ), 19-40. (In Persian)
Koide, R. T., & Peoples, M. S. (2012). On the nature of temporary yield loss in maize following canola. Plant and Soil, 360, 259-269.
Lagrange, A., Ducousso, M., Jourand, P., Majorel, C., & Amir, H. (2011). New insights into the mycorrhizal status of Cyperaceae from ultramafic soils in New Caledonia. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 57(1), 21-28.
Lambers, H., & Teste, F. P. (2013). Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants: do non-mycorrhizal species at both extremes of nutrient availability play the same game. Plant Cell Environ, 36(11), 1911-1915.
Leclère, M., Lorent, A.-R., Jeuffroy, M.-H., Butier, A., Chatain, C., & Loyce, C. (2021). Diagnosis of camelina seed yield and quality across an on-farm experimental network. European Journal of Agronomy, 122, 126190.
Moarrefzadeh, N, Sharifi, R, Khateri, H, & Abbasi, S. (2020). Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, the causal agent of the fusarial yellowing and wilting of chickpea by mixtures of some microbial agents. Biological control of pests and plant disease, 9(1 ), 61-73. (In Persian)
Morra, M., & Kirkegaard, J. (2002). Isothiocyanate release from soil-incorporated Brassica tissues. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34(11), 1683-1690.
Mosse, B. (1981). Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza research for tropical agriculture.
Munyanziza, E. (2001). Afforestation of Semiarid Areas of Tanzania: Focusing on the Root Compartment. Combating Desertification with Plants, 241-248.
Olsson, P. A., & Tyler, G. (2004). Occurrence of non‐mycorrhizal plant species in south Swedish rocky habitats is related to exchangeable soil phosphate. Journal of Ecology, 92(5), 808-815.
Olsen, SR and Sommers, LE, 1982. Phosphorus. Pp. 403–430. In Page AL, Miller RH and KeeneyDR (eds). Methods of Soil Analysis, part 2. ASA and SSSA, Medison, Wisconsin
Pakpour, S., & Klironomos, J. (2015). The invasive plant, Brassica nigra, degrades local mycorrhizas across a wide geographical landscape. Royal Society Open Science, 2(9), 150300.
Parker, A. (2014). Camelina sativa: success of a temperate biofuel crop as intercrop in tropical conditions of Mhow, Madhya Pradesh, India. Current Science, 107(3), 359.
Parvizi, Y., Bayat, R., Arabkhedri, M., & Fatehi, S.. (2020). Determination of Main Agents Affecting Soil Erosion in Rainfed Land of Kermanshah Province Using Rainfall Simulator. Iranian journal of watershed management science and engineering, 14(49 ), 70-82. (In Persian)
Pellerin, S., Mollier, A., Morel, C., & Plenchette, C. (2007). Effect of incorporation of Brassica napus L. residues in soils on mycorrhizal fungus colonisation of roots and phosphorus uptake by maize (Zea mays L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 26(2), 113-120.
Phillips, J., & Hayman, D. (1970). Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transactions of the British mycological Society, 55(1), 158-IN118.
Playsted, C. W., Johnston, M. E., Ramage, C. M., Edwards, D. G., Cawthray, G. R., & Lambers, H. (2006). Functional significance of dauciform roots: exudation of carboxylates and acid phosphatase under phosphorus deficiency in Caustis blakei (Cyperaceae). New Phytologist, 170(3), 491-500.
Putnam, D., Budin, J., Field, L., & Breene, W. (1993). Camelina: a promising low-input oilseed. New crops, 314, 322.
Ranji, Z.E, Mesbah, M, Amiri, R, & Vahedi, S. (2005). Study on the efficiency of ammi method and pattern analysis for determination of stability in sugar beet varieties. Iranian journal of crop science, 7(1), 1-20. (In Persian)
Righini, D., Zanetti, F., Martínez-Force, E., Mandrioli, M., Toschi, T. G., & Monti, A. (2019). Shifting sowing of camelina from spring to autumn enhances the oil quality for bio-based applications in response to temperature and seed carbon stock. Industrial Crops and Products, 137, 66-73.
Rinaudo, V., Bàrberi, P., Giovannetti, M., & van der Heijden, M. G. (2010). Mycorrhizal fungi suppress aggressive agricultural weeds. Plant and Soil, 333, 7-20.
Roper, M., Ward, P., Keulen, A., & Hill, J. (2013). Under no-tillage and stubble retention, soil water content and crop growth are poorly related to soil water repellency. Soil and Tillage Research, 126, 143-150.
Scavo, A., & Mauromicale, G. (2020). Integrated weed management in herbaceous field crops. Agronomy, 10(4), 466.
Shane, M. W., & Lambers, H. (2005). Cluster roots: a curiosity in context. Plant and Soil, 274, 101-125.
Sharifi,M., Karimi, F., & Khanpour Ardestani, N. (2010). Mycorrhiza (Physiology and Biotechnology). Tehran: House of Biology. (In Persian).
Smith, S., & Read, D. (2008). Mycorrhizal symbiosis third edition introduction. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 1-9.
Solis, A., Vidal, I., Paulino, L., Johnson, B. L., & Berti, M. T. (2013). Camelina seed yield response to nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus fertilizer in South Central Chile. Industrial Crops and Products, 44, 132-138.
Takato (2017). Applied Research and Development center. Https://takato.ir. (In Persian).
Tester, M., Smith, S., & Smith, F. (1987). The phenomenon of" nonmycorrhizal" plants. Canadian journal of botany, 65(3), 419-431.
Veiga, R. S., Jansa, J., Frossard, E., & van der Heijden, M. G. (2011). Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce the growth of agricultural weeds? PloS one, 6(12), e27825.
Vetsch, J. A., & Randall, G. W. (2002). Corn production as affected by tillage system and starter fertilizer. Agronomy Journal, 94(3), 532-540.
Vierheilig, H., & Ocampo, J. (1990). Effect of isothiocyanates on germination of spores of G. mosseae. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22(8), 1161-1162.
Walia, M. K., Zanetti, F., Gesch, R. W., Krzyżaniak, M., Eynck, C., Puttick, D., Alexopoulou, E., Royo-Esnal, A., Stolarski, M. J., & Isbell, T. (2021). Winter camelina seed quality in different growing environments across Northern America and Europe. Industrial Crops and Products, 169, 113639.
Yuan, L., & Li, R. (2020). Metabolic engineering a model oilseed Camelina sativa for the sustainable production of high-value designed oils. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 11.
)