ارزیابی اثرات تراکم خاک بر شاخص‌های فراهمی آب خاک و برخی ویژگی‌های رشدی گیاه نیشکر

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

3 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

10.22059/ijswr.2024.378269.669736

چکیده

مزارع نیشکر در استان خوزستان به دلیل تردد ماشین‌آلات سنگین‌وزن و همچنین شرایط اقلیمی خاص، در معرض خطر تراکم خاک قرار دارند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات تراکم بر شاخص‌های فراهمی آب خاک و برخی صفات رشدی گیاه نیشکر اجرا گردید. در مجموع، بر اساس شرایط واقعی حاکم در مزرعه، نه تیمار تراکم شامل سه سطح فشار ادوات کشاورزی (کم، متوسط و زیاد) و سه سطح رطوبتی خاک (کم، بهینه و زیاد) تعریف شد. در اوایل فصل رشد نمونه‌های خاک از دو عمق سطحی و زیرسطحی جهت اندازه‌گیری ویژگی‌های معمول فیزیکی و همچنین شاخص‌های فراهمی آب خاک شامل آب قابل استفاده گیاه (PAW)، دامنه رطوبتی خاک با حداقل محدودیت (LLWR) و گنجایش آب انتگرالی (IWC) تهیه شد. منحنی رطوبتی خاک با استفاده از دستگاه صفحات و غشاء فشاری و منحنی مقاومت خاک با استفاده از پنترومتر دستی در آزمایشگاه اندازه‌گیری شدند. شاخص‌های رشدی گیاه شامل قطر یقه نی، ارتفاع نی، رطوبت نسبی غلاف و وزن تر اندام هوایی بودند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس شاخص‌های فراهمی آب خاک نشان داد که در لایه سطحی خاک هم اثر ساده تراکم و هم اثرات متقابل آن‌ها بر شاخص LLWR و IWC در سطح پنج درصد معنی‌دار بود. کمترین مقدار LLWR و IWC به‌ترتیب با مقادیر 026/0 و 017/0 cm3cm-3 در کرت با بیشترین تراکم و بیشترین رطوبت خاک (W3P3) مشاهده شد. ارتفاع و عملکرد نی نیز در سطح پنج درصد تحت تاثیر تیمارها قرار گرفتند و کمترین میزان عملکرد نی با مقدار 38 تن در هکتار در تیمار تراکم زیاد و رطوبت زیاد  مشاهده شد. پیشنهاد گردید در پژوهش‌های بعدی مقدار بهینه رطوبت خاک برای عملیات برداشت محصول برای هر کلاس‌ بافتی خاک به صورت علمی و دقیق تعیین گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of soil compaction on soil water availability indicators and some growth characteristics of sugarcane plant

نویسندگان [English]

  • Morteza Nazerifar 1
  • Heidar Ghafari 2
  • Ataallah khademalrasoul 3
1 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
2 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
3 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

 
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil compaction on soil water availability indices and some growth characteristics of sugarcane plants. A total of nine compaction treatments were defined, including three levels of agricultural tools pressure and three levels of soil moisture. Soil samples were collected at the beginning of the growing season from the topsoil and subsoil layers to measure the usual physical properties as well as the indices. Soil water availability indicators including plant available water (PAW), least limiting water range (LLWR) and integral water capacity (IWC) were calculated. The soil moisture curve was measured using a pressure plate and membrane devices and the soil resistance curve was measured using a manual penetrometer in the laboratory. Plant growth indicators included straw collar diameter (D), straw height (H), sheath relative water content (RWC), and shoot weight (Y). The results of ANOVA showed that both the simple effects of compaction factors and interaction effects of compaction  soil moisture on LLWR and IWC indicators in the soil surface layer were significant (p<0.05). The lowest values of LLWR and IWC were observed in the plot with the highest compaction and soil moisture (W3P3), with values of 0.026 and 0.017 cm3.cm-3, respectively. The lowest Y was also observed in the treatment of high compaction and high soil moisture (W3P3), with a value of 38 t. ha-1. It was suggested that the next research should scientifically and accurately determine the optimal value of soil water for each class of soil texture.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Agricultural tools pressure
  • Integral water capacity
  • least limiting water range
  • plant available water
  • optimal soil water

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

Soil compaction is regarded as a significant form of physical soil degradation, particularly in the context of mechanized cultivation. Soil compaction affects a number of key processes, including the water status of the soil, erosion, the cycle of elements, and finally, plant growth. Additionally, the moisture status of the soil plays a role in determining the compaction ability of the soil. The use of numerous heavy and semi-heavy tools and machines in different stages of planting, growing, and harvesting in sugarcane fields in Khuzestan Province poses a significant risk of soil compaction. It is therefore crucial to understand the impact of soil compaction on soil quality and plant growth in order to achieve sustainable agricultural management.

Material and methods

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of compaction on soil water availability indicators and some growth characteristics of sugarcane plants. A total of nine compaction treatments were defined, comprising three levels of agricultural tool pressure (low, medium, and high) and three levels of soil moisture (low, optimum, and high). Different levels of tool pressure were applied through the passage of the harvester and the cane carrying basket based on the realities of the sugarcane fields. After the application of the compaction treatments, which were carried out at the time of the harvest, soil samples were taken at the beginning of the growing season from the depths of 0 to 30 cm and 30 to 60 cm to measure the usual physical characteristics as well as the indices. Soil water availability including plant available water (PAW), least limiting water range (LLWR) and integral water capacity (IWC) were obtained. The soil moisture curve was measured using a pressure plate device and the soil resistance curve was measured using a manual penetrometer in the laboratory. Plant growth indicators included straw collar diameter (D), straw height (H), sheath relative water content (RWC), and shoot weight (Y).

Results and discussion

The results of ANOVA showed that both the main effect of compaction factors and their interaction effects on LLWR and IWC index in the soil surface layer were significant (p<0.05). The highest value of LLWR and IWC was observed with values of 0.073 and 0.051 (cm3cm-3), respectively, in the low soil moisture level (W1) and the lowest value in the high soil moisture level (W3). In the subsurface layer, the main effects of compaction factors were not significant on any of the indices. The results of ANOVA for plant indices also showed that the interaction effects of compaction factors on D and Y were significant (P<0.05). The lowest Y of 38 tons per hectare was observed in high pressure (P3) and high soil moisture content (W3) treatments. Correlation test also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between LLWR indices and Y.

Conclusion

The analysis of the results obtained from the LLWR and IWC indices revealed that soil compaction restricts the sugarcane plant's access to water, thereby reducing its growth and yield. The moisture content of the soil during the operation of agricultural machinery is of great consequence with regard to the degree of soil compaction. Given the simplicity and low cost of soil moisture management and control in comparison to the weight of the machinery, it is recommended that particular attention be paid to this factor and that the optimal and critical limits be determined with precision for each tissue class.

Author Contributions

 Conceptualization, Ghafari H. and Khademalrasoul A. ; methodology, Ghafari H. and Khademalrasoul A. Nazerifar, M. ; software, Ghafari H. ; validation, Ghafari H. and Khademalrasoul A. Nazerifar, M.; formal analysis, Ghafari H. ; investigation, X.X.; Khademalrasoul A. Nazerifar, M.; data curation, Nazerifar, M.; writing—original draft preparation, Ghafari H.; writing—review and editing, Ghafari H. and Khademalrasoul A.; visualization, Ghafari H.; supervision, Ghafari H. and Khademalrasoul A. ; project administration, Ghafari H. and Khademalrasoul A. ; funding acquisition, Ghafari H. and Khademalrasoul A.

Data Availability Statement

Data is available on reasonable request from the authors.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express our appreciation and gratitude to Mr. Shaban Zarei, the then Deputy Director of Agricultural Research at the Sugarcane and Related Industries Research and Development Institute, Engineer Sina Latif al-Tojar, as well as Engineer Amin Nasirian, the respected Director of Agriculture and Industry Salman Farsi, and all the people who helped us during this research.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 55، شماره 10
دی 1403
صفحه 1787-1801

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