نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
After wheat, rice is the main food of Iranian people and has a special role in nutrition, income and job creation in the agricultural sector. Despite the undeniable importance of this crop, it is considered one of the water-intensive plants in the agricultural sector, and due to the water crisis in the country, the continuation of the cultivation of this crop in many regions of the country is facing many problems. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential yield (yield in the absence of water, nutrients, pests and diseases) and to estimate the blue and green water footprint of rice in the agro-ecological zones (AEZ) of the entire country. Water footprint calculations were done with the SSM-iCrop2 model for the time period of 2006-2015. The results show that parts of the northern regions of the country, such as Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, which are located in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea, have less blue water footprint and more green water footprint, and are suitable areas for rice cultivation. Other provinces of the country, such as Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars and South Khorasan, which are mainly located in the warm regions of the country, have more blue water footprints and less green water footprints, therefore, these provinces are not suitable for rice cultivation at all.
کلیدواژهها [English]
EXTENDED ABSTRACT
After wheat, rice is the main food of Iranian people and has a special role in nutrition, income and job creation in the agricultural sector. Despite the undeniable importance of this crop, it is considered one of the water-intensive plants in the agricultural sector, and due to the water crisis in the country, the continuation of the cultivation of this crop in many regions of the country is facing many problems. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential yield (yield in the absence of water, nutrients, pests and diseases) and to estimate the blue and green water footprint of rice in the agro-ecological zones (AEZ) of the entire country.
By using the GYGA climate map and the HC27 soil map and the combination and overlap of these maps, 198 polygons or zones were finally obtained for the agricultural lands of the entire country. In this research, the rice crop was cultivated in virtual form in these zones to evaluate its yield, volume of net applied irrigation water, evapotranspiration, and blue and green water footprints. These 198 zones are covered by 130 meteorological stations and the information collected from these zones was used for simulation. The data required in this research were collected in four groups: 1- meteorological data, 2- soil data, 3- plant data, and 4- management data. Water footprint calculations were done with the SSM-iCrop2 model for the time period of 2006-2015.
The yield potential of paddy was estimated between 17 and 5527 kg/ha for low yield cultivars in the whole country and between 2682 and 10173 kg/ha for high yield cultivars. The blue water footprint for low yield cultivars in the whole country fluctuated between 446 m3/t and 27268 m3/t. The blue water footprint for high yield cultivars was also 223 m3/t to 2170 m3/t. Furthermore, the amount of green water footprint for low yield cultivars in the whole country was estimated between 51 and 5835 m3/t, and this amount for high yield cultivars was estimated between 29 and 265 m3/t.
The results show that parts of the northern regions of the country, such as Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, which are located in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea, have less blue water footprint and more green water footprint, and are suitable areas for rice cultivation. Other provinces of the country, such as Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars and South Khorasan, which are mainly located in the warm regions of the country, have more blue water footprints and less green water footprints, therefore, these provinces are not suitable for rice cultivation at all. By estimating the water footprint of this crop, while identifying and distinguishing the regions of the country and with necessary planning, rice cultivation should be limited and stopped in areas that have high water consumption.
Conceptualization, M.Kh.B., A.S. and E.Z.; methodology, M.Kh.B. and A.S.; software, M.Kh.B. and A.S.; validation, M.Kh.B. and A.S.; formal analysis, M.Kh.B. and A.S.; investigation, M.Kh.B. and A.S.; resources, M.Kh.B.; data curation, M.Kh.B. and A.S.; writing—original draft preparation, M.Kh.B.; writing—review and editing, M.Kh.B., A.S. and E.Z.; visualization, M.Kh.B. and A.S.; supervision, A.S.; project administration, A.S.; funding acquisition, A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Data is available on reasonable request from the authors.
The authors would like to thank the reviewers and editor for their critical comments that helped to improve the paper. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support and facilities provided by the Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran.
The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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