بررسی غنی‌سازی کمپوست کود مرغی به‌منظور تهیه کود پیش‌کاشت مناسب بر عملکرد بادرنجبویه (Melissa officinalis L.) در شرایط تنش خشکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک،دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

3 مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان، گرگان، ایران

4 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

چکیده

این تحقیق به بررسی تأثیر کمپوست غنی شده بر رشد بادرنجبویه در شرایط تنش خشکی پرداخت. آزمایش به شیوه فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی و با سه تکرار در سال 1401 در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه لرستان انجام شد. تیمارها شامل سه سطح تنش کم آبی شدید، ملایم و بدون تنش و یازده سطح کمپوست غنی‌شده با اصلاح‌کننده‌‌های مختلف (بیوچار، تریکودرما هارزیانوم، تیوباسیلوس تیوپاروس + گوگرد و کود شیمیایی NPK) و شاهد (بدون کود کمپوست) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین وزن تر و خشک اندام هوایی و وزن تر و خشک ریشه و ارتفاع در گیاه در تیمار کمپوست غنی‌شده با همه اصلاح‌کننده‌ها تحت شرایط بدون تنش مشاهده شد. همچنین، کمترین میزان این صفات در تیمار تنش شدید و عدم کاربرد کود وجود داشت. با افزایش تنش، نشت یونی نیز افزایش یافت ولی کاربرد تیمارها موجب کاهش نشت شد. تنش خشکی، محتوای نسبی آب برگ را کاهش داد و اعمال تنش  شدید، محتوای نسبی آب برگ را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد به میزان 7/48 درصد کاهش داد. تیمارها سبب افزایش معنی‌دار محتوای نسبی آب برگ نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. همچنین، بیشترین میزان کلروفیل و کاروتنوئید و بیشترین میزان عملکرد اسانس در تیمار کمپوست غنی‌شده با همه اصلاح کننده‌ها تحت شرایط بدون تنش و کمترین میزان این صفات در تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد. بطور کلی نتایج نشان داد کاربرد کمپوست غنی شده با تیمارهای آلی، زیستی و شیمیایی باعث بهبود صفات کمی و کیفی گیاه در شرایط تنش رطوبتی گردید. بنظر می‌رسد غنی‌سازی کمپوست کود مرغی با تیمارهای ذکر شده می‌تواند به‌عنوان کود پیش‌کاشت مناسب برای افزایش عملکرد گیاهان معرفی شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the enrichment of chicken manure compost in order to prepare suitable pre-planting fertilizer on the yield of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) under drought stress conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • zohre bolhassani 1
  • Mohammad Feizian 2
  • Leila Sadegh Kasmaei 3
  • Hassan Etesami 4
1 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
3 Research and Training Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Golestan Province, Gorgan, Iran
4 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture; University of Tehran, Tehran, Karaj. Iran
چکیده [English]

This study investigated the impact of different soil amendments on the growth of Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) under water deficit stress conditions. The experiment was conducted using a factorial design with three replicates in 2022 in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University. Treatments included three levels of severe water deficit stress, mild water deficit stress, and no water stress, and eleven levels of compost enriched with various amendments (biochar, Trichoderma, Thiobacillus + sulfur, and chemical fertilizer NPK), as well as a control without compost. The results showed that the highest fresh and dry shoot and root, and plant height were observed in the compost enriched with all amendments under no stress conditions. The lowest values of these traits were found in the severe stress and no compost treatment. Ion leakage increased with stress, but the application of treatments reduced ion leakage. Water deficit stress decreased the RWC, with severe stress reducing it by 48.7% compared to the control. Treatments significantly increased the RWC compared to the control. The highest levels of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and the highest essential oil yield were observed in the compost enriched with all amendments under no stress conditions, while the lowest levels of these traits were observed in the control. Overall, compost enriched with organic, biological and chemical treatments can mitigate the adverse effects of water deficit stress on plants and they are beneficial in improving both quantitative and qualitative plant traits. Enrichment of chicken manure compost with the mentioned treatments can be introduced as a suitable pre-planting fertilizer to increase the yield of plants.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biochar
  • essential oil yield
  • Lemon balm
  • Thiobacillus thioparus
  • Trichoderma harzianum

Investigating the enrichment of chicken manure compost in order to prepare suitable pre-planting fertilizer on the yield of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) under drought stress conditions

EXTRACTED ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:

Lemon balm, also known as Melissa officinalis L., is a perennial herbaceous plant from the Lamiaceae family. It is rich in essential oils and is widely used in treating sleep disorders, nervous diseases, depression, stomach upset, anorexia, cough, and nervous tremors. Due to the limited availability of water resources and the need to preserve the environment by using organic and biological fertilizers, it is important to maximize the efficiency of medicinal plant inputs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of different types of soil conditioners (organic, biological, and chemical) on the performance of lemongrass under drought stress conditions.

Methodology:

This study aimed to assess the effects of different soil amendments on the growth of Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) under conditions of water deficit stress. The experiment followed a factorial design with three replicates, where the treatments included three levels of water deficit stress (severe water deficit stress, mild water deficit stress, and no water stress) and eleven levels of compost enriched with various amendments (biochar, Trichoderma harzianum, Thiobacillus thioparus + sulfur, and chemical fertilizer NPK), as well as a control without compost. To carry out the experiment, each of the 0.5% w (equivalent to 20 tons.ha-1) fertilizer treatments were added to the soil of four-kilogram pots and mixed thoroughly. One seedling was grown in each pot, and water stress treatments were applied after 20 days. After the growing period of the plant, the height, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, ion leakage, relative content of leaf water, content of photosynthetic pigments, and percentage and yield of essential oil were determined by conventional methods.

Results:

 The study investigated the effect of different treatments on the growth and yield of lemongrass plants under drought stress. The results showed that the best growth and yield were observed in plants that were not exposed to drought stress and were treated with F10 (compost + biochar + trichoderma + thiobacillus + sulfur + NPK chemical fertilizer). In contrast, the worst growth and yield were observed in plants that were exposed to 55-60% field capacity drought stress and received no fertilizer. Drought stress resulted in increased ion leakage from the plants. However, the application of corrective treatments reduced the amount of ion leakage in the plant. Moreover, drought stress decreased the relative water content of the leaves, with a 7.48% decrease observed in plants exposed to 55-60% field capacity drought stress compared to the control treatment. Nevertheless, the application of corrective treatments led to a significant increase in the relative water content of the leaves compared to the control treatment. The highest relative leaf water content was observed in the F10 treatment, which increased the relative leaf water content by 18.65% compared to the control (no fertilizer use). The highest amount of chlorophyll a, b, and total, as well as carotenoid, were observed in plants that were not exposed to drought stress and were treated with F10. The lowest amount of these traits was observed in plants that were exposed to 55-60% field capacity drought stress and received no corrective treatment. Additionally, the highest essential oil yield was observed in plants that were not exposed to drought stress and were treated with F10, while the lowest yield was observed in plants that were exposed to 55-60% field capacity drought stress and received no corrective treatment. Interestingly, the highest percentage of essential oil was observed in plants that were exposed to 55-60% field capacity drought stress and treated with F10, while the lowest percentage was observed in plants that were not exposed to drought stress and received no corrective treatment

Conclusion:

The use of chicken manure compost, combined with organic, biological, and chemical compounds, can help reduce the negative effects of moisture stress on plants. It can also improve the quality and quantity of plant growth. The results of this research can be applied to the development of innovative agricultural fertilizers and nutritional management techniques. This approach reduces the need for chemical fertilizers and therefore minimizes the risk of environmental pollution and depletion of soil and water resources. It also increases the biological population of soil in agricultural land, thereby improving the soil's quality and health. As a result, plants can absorb more nutrients and secondary metabolites from soil microorganisms, resulting in better and more stable performance in agricultural lands.

Abd El-Mageed, T. A., El-Samnoudi, I. M., Ibrahim, A. E. A. M., & Abd El Tawwab, A. R. (2018). Compost and mulching modulates morphological, physiological responses and water use efficiency in sorghum (bicolor L. Moench) under low moisture regime. Agricultural Water Management208, 431-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.042 .
Abdollahi ,F., Jafari, L. and Rahimi A., 2022. Effect of organic fertilizer on some biochemical, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of white radish (Rhaphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) under drought stress conditions. Plant Process and Function. 11 (48): 1-18. https://doi.org/ 20.1001.1.23222727.1401.11.48.1.2 (In Persian with English abstract).
Acharya, S., Sigdel, S., Kandel, G., & Adhikari, P. (2022). Climate change: Threats on the medicinal plants in Nepal. Asian Journal of Pharmacognosy1(4), 41-48.
Adejumo, S. A., Owolabi, M. O., & Odesola, I. F. (2016). Agro-physiologic effects of compost and biochar produced at different temperatures on growth, photosynthetic pigment and micronutrients uptake of maize crop. African Journal of Agricultural Research11(8), 661-673. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2015.9895.
Akhtar, N., Ilyas, N., Hayat, R., Yasmin, H., Noureldeen, A., & Ahmad, P. (2021). Synergistic effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and silicon dioxide nano-particles for amelioration of drought stress in wheat. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry166, 160-176. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.039.
Alam, S. M. (1999). Nutrient uptake by plants under stress conditions. Handbook of plant and crop stress2, 285-313.
Almendro-Candel, M. B., Navarro-Pedreño, J., Jordán, M. M., Gómez, I., & Meléndez-Pastor, I. (2014). Use of municipal solid waste compost to reclaim limestone quarries mine spoils as soil amendments: Effects on Cd and Ni. Journal of Geochemical Exploration144, 363-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.11.002.
Al-Taai, S. H. H. (2021). The effect of fertilizer uses on environmental pollution: A Review. rigeo11(5).
Amani, M., Alizadeh-Salteh, S., Sabzi nojadeh, M. and Younessi Hamzekhanlu, M., 2023. The effect of Trichoderma harzianum on the antioxidative traits of Ocimum basilicum L. under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Crops Improvement25(3): 719-735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2023.345935.2730. (In Persian with English abstract).
Arvin, P., Vafabakhsh, J. and Mazaheri, D., 2018. Study of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and drought on physiological traits and final yield of cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica spp. L.). Journal of Agroecology, 9(4): 1208-1226. https://doi.org/10.22067/JAG.V9I4.61808. (In Persian with English abstract).
Aslani, Z., Hassani, A., Mandoulakani, B. A., Barin, M., & Maleki, R. (2023). Effect of drought stress and inoculation treatments on nutrient uptake, essential oil and expression of genes related to monoterpenes in sage (Salvia officinalis). Scientia Horticulturae309, 111610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111610
Besharati, H., Khosravi, H., Mostashari, M., Mirzashahi, K., Ghaderi, J., & Zabihi, H. R. (2016). Evaluation of effects of Thiobacillus, sulfur and phosphorous on corn (Zea mays L.) growth indices in some regions of Iran. Applied Soil Research4(1), 103-113. https://doi.org /10.22092/IJSR.2021.354082.595 (In Persian with English abstract).
Danish, M., Pradhan, S., McKay, G., Al-Ansari, T., Mansour, S., & Mackey, H. R. (2024). Effect of Biochar, Potting Mixture and their Blends to Improve Ocimum basilicum Growth in Sandy Soil. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-024-01670-8.
Ebrahimie, A., PuerAlageBandan, H., Khazaeelie Sh, S. A., & Salehi, A. (2008). The first full authority quality management high fertilizer production. (In Persian).
El Nahhas, N., AlKahtani, M. D., Abdelaal, K. A., Al Husnain, L., AlGwaiz, H. I., Hafez, Y. M., ... & Elkelish, A. (2021). Biochar and jasmonic acid application attenuates antioxidative systems and improves growth, physiology, nutrient uptake and productivity of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) irrigated with saline water. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry166, 807-817. https://doi.org / 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.033 .
Emam & Talebianpour, M. S. (2009). Antidepressant effect of Melissa officinalis in the forced swimming test.
Ghaderi, A., Noee, A., Ahmadi, K., & Saborifard, H. (2020). Evaluation the effects of Thiobacillus biological and chemical fertilizers on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Satureja hortensis L. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants8(2), 13-29. (In Persian with English abstract).
Gupta, A., Singh, S. K., Singh, M. K., Singh, V. K., Modi, A., Singh, P. K., & Kumar, A. (2020). Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria and their functional role in salinity stress management. In Abatement of environmental pollutants (pp. 151-160). Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000188.
Hafez, E. M., Kheir, A. M., Badawy, S. A., Rashwan, E., Farig, M., & Osman, H. S. (2020). Differences in physiological and biochemical attributes of wheat in response to single and combined salicylic acid and biochar subjected to limited water irrigation in saline sodic soil. Plants9(10), 1346. https://doi.org /10.3390/plants9101346.
Hargreaves, J. C., Adl, M. S., & Warman, P. R. (2008). A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment123(1-3), 1-14. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.agee.2007.07.004.
Harman, G. E. (2006). Overview of Mechanisms and Uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology96(2), 190-194. https://doi.org /10.1094/PHYTO-96-0190.
Hatef Heris, H., Zehtab Salmasi, S., & Arzanlou, M. (2022). Effect of some Trichoderma and Mycorrhizal fungal species on chlorophyll content and essential oil production of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) under greenhouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science53(2), 205-219. https://doi.org/ 10.22059/IJFCS.2021. 318338.654801. (In Persian with English abstract).
Hernández, T., Chocano, C., Moreno, J. L., & García, C. (2016). Use of compost as an alternative to conventional inorganic fertilizers in intensive lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) crops—Effects on soil and plant. Soil and Tillage Research160, 14-22. https://doi.org /10.1016/J.STILL.2016.02.005.
Hussein, M., Ali, M., Abbas, M. H., & Bassouny, M. A. (2022). Composting animal and plant residues for improving the characteristics of a clayey soil and enhancing the productivity of wheat plant grown thereon. Egyptian Journal of Soil Science62(3), 195-208. https://doi.org / 10.21608/EJSS.2019.6778.1566.
Jamal, A., Moon, Y. S., & Zainul Abdin, M. (2010). Enzyme activity assessment of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) under slow-release sulphur fertilization. Australian Journal of Crop Science4(3), 169-174.
Jiang, Z., Lian, F., Wang, Z., & Xing, B. (2020). The role of biochars in sustainable crop production and soil resiliency. Journal of experimental botany71(2), 520-542. https://doi.org / 10.1093/jxb/erz301.
Kamali, S., & Mehraban, A. (2020). Effects of Nitroxin and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the agro-physiological traits and grain yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under drought stress conditions. Plos one15(12), e0243824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243824.
Kamanga, R., Mbega, E., & Ndakidemi, P. (2018). Drought tolerance mechanisms in plants: physiological responses associated with water deficit stress in Solanum lycopersicum. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000362
Karimi, A., Moezzi, A., Chorom, M., & Enayatizamir, N. (2020). Application of biochar changed the status of nutrients and biological activity in a calcareous soil. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition20, 450-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00129-5.
Khaleghnezhad, V., Yousefi, A., Tavakoli, A., & Farajmand, B. (2022). Changes in total phenol content, photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in response to different concentrations of abscisic acid and three moisture regimes. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science53(1), 201-217.  https://doi.org/10.22059/IJFCS.2021.299180.654699. (In Persian with English abstract).
Khoshmanzar, E., Aliasgharzad, N., Neyshabouri, M. R., Khoshru, B., Arzanlou, M., & Asgari Lajayer, B. (2020). Effects of Trichoderma isolates on tomato growth and inducing its tolerance to water-deficit stress. International journal of environmental science and technology17, 869-878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02405-4.
Kour, D., & Yadav, A. N. (2022). Bacterial mitigation of drought stress in plants: Current perspectives and future challenges. Current Microbiology79(9), 248. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00284-022-02939-w.
Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Bihari, B., & Qasmi, M. (2020). Soil fertility and mineral nutrition of plants. Current Research in Soil Fertility65, 23-35.
Kusvuran, A., Bilgici, M., Kusvuran, S., & Nazli, R. I. (2021). The effect of different organic matters on plant growth regulation and nutritional components under salt stress in sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351480931
Lakhdar, A., Rabhi, M., Ghnaya, T., Montemurro, F., Jedidi, N., & Abdelly, C. (2009). Effectiveness of compost use in salt-affected soil. Journal of hazardous materials171(1-3), 29-37. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.132.
Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. In Methods in enzymology (Vol. 148, pp. 350-382). Academic Press.
Lugo, M. A., Reinhart, K. O., Menoyo, E., Crespo, E. M., & Urcelay, C. (2015). Plant functional traits and phylogenetic relatedness explain variation in associations with root fungal endophytes in an extreme arid environment. Mycorrhiza25, 85-95. https://doi.org/  10.1007/s00572-014-0592-5.
Lutts, S., Kinet, J. M., & Bouharmont, J. (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals of botany78(3), 389-398.
Mahmood, T., Khalid, S., Abdullah, M., Ahmed, Z., Shah, M. K. N., Ghafoor, A., & Du, X. (2019). Insights into drought stress signaling in plants and the molecular genetic basis of cotton drought tolerance. Cells9(1), 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9010105.
Masto, R. E., Chhonkar, P. K., Singh, D., & Patra, A. K. (2006). Changes in soil biological and biochemical characteristics in a long-term field trial on a sub-tropical inceptisol. Soil biology and Biochemistry38(7), 1577-1582. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.11.012.
Mergawy, M. M., Metwaly, H. A., & Shoeip, A. M. (2022). Evaluation of the efficacy of some bioagents accompanied with Bio-and Mineral Fertilizers in controlling early blight of tomato and improvement yield. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology50(1), 31-50. https://doi.org/ 10.21608/ejp.2022.133129.1059.
Mosa, A., El-Ghamry, A., & Tolba, M. (2020). Biochar-supported natural zeolite composite for recovery and reuse of aqueous phosphate and humate: batch sorption–desorption and bioassay investigations. Environmental Technology & Innovation19, 100807. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.eti.2020.100807.
Najarzadeh, A., Farahbakhsh, H., Naser Alavi, M., Moradi, R., & Naghizadeh, M. (2023). The Effect of Different levels of Damask Rose Waste (DRW), Walnut Green Skin Waste (WGW) and Cow Manure Biochars on Biochemical, Physiological and functional Characteristics of European Borage (Borago officinalis L.). Journal Of Horticultural Science37(3), 873-886. doi: 10.22067/jhs.2023.79955.1218. (In Persian with English abstract).
Omara, R. I., El-Kot, G. A., Fadel, F. M., Abdelaal, K. A., & Saleh, E. M. (2019). Efficacy of certain bioagents on patho-physiological characters of wheat plants under wheat leaf rust stress. Physiological and molecular plant pathology106, 102-108. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.PMPP.2018.12.010
Rahimzadeh, S., Sohrabi, Y., Heidari, G., Pirzad, A., & Golezani, K. G. (2016). Effect of bio-fertilizers on the essential oil yield and components isolated from Dracocephalum moldavica L. using nanoscale injection method. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants19(3), 529-541. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.935057.
Rezaei-Chiyaneh, E., Mahdavikia, H., Hadi, H., Alipour, H., Kulak, M., Caruso, G., & Siddique, K. H. (2021). The effect of exogenously applied plant growth regulators and zinc on some physiological characteristics and essential oil constituents of moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) under water stress. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants27, 2201-2214. https://doi.org 10.1007/s12298-021-01084-1
Ribeiro, M. A., Bernardo-Gil, M. G., & Esquıvel, M. M. (2001). Melissa officinalis, L.: study of antioxidant activity in supercritical residues. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids21(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0896-8446(01)00078-X
Ritchie, S. W., Nguyen, H. T., & Holaday, A. S. (1990). Leaf water content and gas‐exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop science30(1), 105-111.DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/CROPSCI1990.0011183X003000010025X.
Saeidnia, F., Majidi, M. M., & Hosseini, E. (2023). Simultaneous effect of water deficit and mating systems in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare mill.): Genetics of phytochemical compositions and drought tolerance. Agricultural Water Management277, 108122. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.agwat.2022.108122.
Shamizi, N., Yarnia, M., Mohebalipour, N., Faramarzi, A., & Ajalli, J. (2022). The effect of mycorrhizal species on the growth, essential oils, yield and morpho-physiological parameters of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) under water-deficit conditions in Tabriz region. Plant Science Today9(2), 228-235. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1338.
Siedt, M., Schäffer, A., Smith, K. E., Nabel, M., Roß-Nickoll, M., & Van Dongen, J. T. (2021). Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides. Science of the Total Environment751, 141607. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141607.
Singer, W.J., Sally, S.D., & Meek, D.W. (2017). Tillage and compost effects on corn growth, nutrient accumulation, and grain yield. Agronomy Journal, 99, 80-87. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0118.
Soltanieh, M., Talei, D., & Nejatkhah, P. (2023). Evaluation of growth, yield and yield components responses of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) to nitrogen and methanol under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences16(3), 587-601. https://doi.org/ 10.22077/escs.2023.4822.2077. . (In Persian with English abstract).
Sönmez, O. S. M. A. N., Turan, V., & Kaya, C. (2016). The effects of sulfur, cattle, and poultry manure addition on soil phosphorus. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry40(4), 536-541. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1601-41.
Sosa-Hernández, M. A., Leifheit, E. F., Ingraffia, R., & Rillig, M. C. (2019). Subsoil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for sustainability and climate-smart agriculture: a solution right under our feet?. Frontiers in Microbiology10, 433694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00744.
Tohidi, B., Rahimmalek, M., & Arzani, A. (2017). Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food chemistry220, 153-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.203.
Ullah, A., Nisar, M., Ali, H., Hazrat, A., Hayat, K., Keerio, A. A. & Yang, X. (2019). Drought tolerance improvement in plants: an endophytic bacterial approach. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology103, 7385-7397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10045-4.
van Duijnen, R., Uther, H., Härdtle, W., Temperton, V. M., & Kumar, A. (2021). Timing matters: Distinct effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application timing on root system architecture responses. Plant‐Environment Interactions2(4), 194-205. https://doi.org/  10.1002/pei3.10057.
Wei, W., Yang, H., Fan, M., Chen, H., Guo, D., Cao, J., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2020). Biochar effects on crop yields and nitrogen loss depending on fertilization. Science of the Total Environment702, 134423. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134423.
Yazdani, D., Shahnazi, S., Seyfi, H., 2004. Medicinal Plant Cultivation. Medicinal Plants Central Research Publication. 169p. [In Persian].
Zahedyan, A., Jahromi, A. A., Zakerin, A., Abdossi, V., & Torkashvand, A. M. (2022). Nitroxin bio-fertilizer improves growth parameters, physiological and biochemical attributes of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) under water stress conditions. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences21(1), 8-20. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jssas.2021.06.017.
Zahra, M. B., Aftab, Z. E. H., Akhter, A., & Haider, M. S. (2021). Cumulative effect of biochar and compost on nutritional profile of soil and maize productivity. Journal of Plant Nutrition44(11), 1664-1676. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1871743.
Zolfi-Bavariani, M., Ronaghi, A., Ghasemi-Fasaei, R., & Yasrebi, J. (2016). Influence of poultry manure–derived biochars on nutrients bioavailability and chemical properties of a calcareous soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science62(11), 1578-1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2016.1151976.
Zulfiqar, F., Chen, J., Finnegan, P. M., Younis, A., Nafees, M., Zorrig, W., & Hamed, K. B. (2021). Application of trehalose and salicylic acid mitigates drought stress in sweet basil and improves plant growth. Plants10(6), 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061078.