بررسی خطر آلودگی فلزات سنگین در رسوبات معلق وخاک سطحی (مطالعه موردی: حوزه لانیز، کرج)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه احیاء مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 گروه احیاء مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

3 گروه منابع طبیعی و کشاورزی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد کاووس، ایران.

چکیده

 
در این تحقیق محتوای فلزات سنگین (Zn، V، Ti، Pb، Ni، Mn، Cu، Cr و As) در 40 نمونه خاک و رسوب به همراه پنج نمونه رسوب معلق در آبراهه‌های حوزه لانیز کرج مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. با توجه به فعالیت عمرانی به ویژه احداث آزادراه تهران – شمال در این حوزه، شاخص‌های آلودگی تک عنصره شامل Contamination Factor (CF)، شاخص زمین انباشتگی (Igeo) ، فاکتور غنی شدگی نرمال شده (EF) و فاکتور پتانسیل ریسک اکولوژیک تک عنصره (ER)؛ به همراه دو شاخص چند عنصر  Pollution Load Index (PLI) و ریسک اکولوژیک (RI) استفاده شدند. همچنین از تحلیل مولفه‌های اصلی و آنالیز خوشه‌ای برای گروه بندی عناصر و نمونه‌ها استفاده شد. نتایج  PCA نشان داد که دو گروه از عناصر با منشاء طبیعی و انسانی-طبیعی قابل تفکیک است. نتایج آنالیز خوشه‌ای بیانگر تفکیک 50 درصد نمونه‌های مرتبط با آزادراه در دو خوشه مجزا می‌باشد. براساس شاخص‌های CF، آلودگی شدید آرسنیک و سپس سرب و منگنز در نمونه‌های رسوب معلق و خاک مرتبط با آزادراه حاکم است. این آلودگی در شاخص Igeo برای آرسنیک نیز وجود دارد. همچنین براساس این شاخص اکثر نمونه‌های رسوب معلق مرتبط با آزادراه دارای کلاس شدید آلودگی از همه عناصر هستند. اما براساس شاخص غنی شدگی اصلاح شده با عنصر منگنز فقط یک نمونه متاثر و دو نمونه غیر متاثر از آزادراه دچار غنی شدگی شدید هستند و سایر نمونه‌ها غنی شدگی کم یا متوسطی دارند. بر خلاف شاخص‌های تک عنصره، در شاخص‌های تجمعی PLI و RI نمونه‌های رسوب معلق و خاک مرتبط با آزادراه دارای بار آلودگی و ریسک اکولوژیک پایینی هستند. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که استفاده جداگانه از شاخص‌های منفرد یا شاخص‌های یکپارچه آلودگی نمی‌تواند واقعیت آن در حوزه را نشان دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Risk of Heavy Metal Contamination in Suspended Sediments and Surface Soil of Laniz Watershed, Karaj

نویسندگان [English]

  • Moslem Borji Hassangavyar 1
  • Ali Akbar Nazari Samani 2
  • Sadat Feiznia 2
  • Abolhasan Fathabadi 3
1 Department of Arid and Mountainous Reclamation Regions, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Arid and Mountainous Regions Reclamation, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
3 Department of Arid and Mountainous Regions Reclamation, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Gonbad-e Kavus, Gonbad-e Kavus, Iran.
چکیده [English]

 
Water and soil play an important role in all human environmental activities and controling physical, chemical and biological processes in the environment. The existence of limitations of water resources, especially the fresh water of rivers and dams, makes it necessary to pay more attention to them against pollution. Contamination of water and soil with heavy metals are serious environmental pollutants that enter the environment in many different ways with natural and human origin and cause serious damage. Karaj Dam is one of the most vital sources of drinking water supply in the metropolis of Tehran, which faces a serious risk of pollution due to the development of human activities. This study investigated the concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, V, Ti, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, and As) in 40 soil samples and sediments, as well as five suspended sediment samples, in the river of the Laniz watershed in Karaj, Iran. Due to the construction activities in the watershed including the construction of the Tehran-North Freeway, the natural condition has been affected over the past decade and therefore need to use and new inventory method to separate the effects of natural geochemical from humane effects. The single-element indices of contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), normalized enrichment factor (EF), and ecological risk potential factor (ER), as well as two multi-element indices of pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (RI), were employed. At first the elements and samples were grouped by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. FA distinguished two groups of elements; called natural and human-natural origins. The cluster analysis divided 50% of the freeway-affected samples into two distinct clusters. Based on the CF index, the As contamination was extreme in the suspended sediment samples and soil samples related to the Freeway while the Pb and Mn carried out the next rank. Also, the single Igeo index revealed the high As contamination. Moreover, based on the Igeo, most suspended sediment samples related to the Freeway put in the extreme contamination class for all of the elements. However, the Mn-modified enrichment factor showed only one freeway-affected and two freeway-unaffected samples exhibited extreme enrichment, and the enrichment of other samples was low or moderate. Unlike the single-element indices, PLI and RI showed that the suspended sediment and soil samples related to the freeway had low pollution load and ecological risk. Compare of single and multiple contamination indices revealed an inconsistency of pollution risk that can be addressed into the background value (in single indices) and the toxicity response factor of the metals (in multiple indices). Results indicated that due to spatial-temporal changes of human effects, it would be better to use different values for both background and elements toxicity response. Therefore, to reach a reality image of contamination risk, more researches are needed to elucidate the mentioned standard value based on the regional variations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • contamination index
  • ecological risk
  • metals and metalloids
  • multivariate analysis

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 53، شماره 12
اسفند 1401
صفحه 2937-2954

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