اثر مدیریت‌های زراعی و حفاظتی بر جریان‌های سطحی و بار رسوب در حوضه آبریز دشت بزرگ با استفاده از مدل ArcSWAT

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 علوم و مهندسی خاک،دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، ایران

3 استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، ایران

چکیده

اولویت‌بندی مناطق بحرانی و استفاده از بهترین شیوه‌های مدیریتی از جمله مدیریت کشاورزی و حفاظتی، روش‌های موثری برای کاهش فرسایش در حوضه‌های آبریز هستند. این روش‌ها مزیتی برای مدیران و سرمایه گذاران برای جلوگیری از زیان‌های اقتصادی و مدیریت ریسک محسوب می‌شوند. در پژوهش حاضر، از مدل ArcSWAT برای ارزیابی تأثیر مدیریت کشاورزی و حفاظتی بر رواناب سطحی و بار رسوب در حوضه آبریز دشت بزرگ در استان خوزستان استفاده شد. گردآوری داده‌ها در سال 2021  انجام شد. واسنجی و اعتبارسنجی جریان سطحی به ترتیب برای دوره‌های آماری 2004 تا 2015 و 2016 تا 2021 انجام شد. همچنین بار رسوب برای دوره‌های آماری 2004 تا 2013 واسنجی و  برای سال‌های 2014 تا 2019 اعتبارسنجی گردید. سناریوهای تناوب، مدیریت بقایا و خاک‌ورزی به عنوان سناریوهای مدیریت زراعی و سناریوهای تراس‌بندی، کنتوربندی، نوارهای بافر گیاهی، کشت نواری و آبراهه چمنی به عنوان سناریوهای مدیریت حفاظت اعمال شدند.  نتایج ضرایب نش- ساتکلیف و تعیین برای واسنجی جریان سطحی ماهانه 7/0 و 72/0 و برای اعتبارسنجی 74/0 و 75/0 بدست آمد. این ضرایب برای هر دو مرحله واسنجی و اعتبارسنجی بار رسوب رضایت‌بخش نبود. اما مدل کارایی مناسبی در اولویت‌بندی مناطق بحرانی و شبیه‌سازی سناریوهای مدیریتی نشان داد. تفاوت در عرض آبراهه چمنی اثر معنی‌داری بر کاهش بار رسوب نداشت. سناریوهای تراس‌بندی و بافر گیاهی میزان رسوب را در سطح حوضه به ترتیب 76 و 5/62 درصد کاهش دادند و موثرترین سناریو شناخته شدند.  بطور کلی نتایج نشان داد که اعمال سناریوهای حفاظتی می‌تواند میزان بار رسوب را تا حد قابل توجهی کاهش دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of agricultural and conservation management on surface runoff and sediment load in Dashte Bozorg catchment using the ArcSWAT model

نویسندگان [English]

  • Lida Vasel 1
  • Ahmad Farrokhian Firouzi 2
  • Ataallah Khademalrasoul 3
1 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture , Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
3 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده [English]

 
Prioritizing critical source areas and using the best management practices, including agricultural and conservation management, are effective methods to reduce erosion in catchments.
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of agricultural and conservation management on surface runoff and sediment yields in Dashte Bezorg catchment, Khuzestan, Iran using the ArcSWAT model.
The data was collected in 2021. The Sequential Uncertainty Fitting was applied for Calibration and validation. The model was calibrated from 2004 to 2015 and validated from 2016 to 2021 for surface runoff. Furthermore, calibration and validation of sediment yields were performed for the statistical periods of 2004-2013 and 2014-2019, respectively. The performance of the model was evaluated by four objective functions (NS, R2, BIAS, and RSR). The model was then applied to predict critical source areas for sediment yields and surface runoff. Agricultural management practices in four crop rotation scenarios (“wheat-wheat-wheat”, “wheat-rice-wheat-mung bean-wheat”, “rice-mung bean-wheat” and “wheat-potato-tomato”), residue management scenarios (No residue and 50 percent of the residue) and three tillage scenarios (conservation tillage, no-tillage, and conventional tillage) were evaluated. Conservation management scenarios were focused on contouring, strip cropping, terracing, vegetated filter strip, and the grassed waterway scenarios (width of 5 and 10.4 meters).
The sensitivity analysis showed that ALPHA_BF (Baseflow alpha factor) and RCHRG_DP (Deep aquifer percolation fraction) parameters were identified as the most effective base flow parameters. The objective function values (NS, R2, BIAS, and RSR) were 0.7, 0.72, 3.7, and 0.55 for surface runoff during calibration, and 0.74, 0.75, 2.1, and 0.51 during the validation period, respectively. These results indicated that the ArcSWAT model performed well in estimating surface runoff but was not satisfactory for sediment yields.
Collecting sediment data only during floods resulted in large uncertainty in the input data, and the uncertainty in the inputs produced a large uncertainty in the 95 Percent Prediction Uncertainty (95PPU) bands. Subcatchments 5 and 17 were critical source areas for surface runoff and subcatchments 4, 9, 14, and 16 were also identified as critical source areas for sediment in the catchment. The application of agricultural management practices showed that the cultivation of wheat for three consecutive years increased surface runoff and sediment loss under no-tillage and Conservation tillage. The result of conservation management scenarios indicated that the difference in the width of the grassed waterway had no significant effect on reducing the sediment load. The terracing and vegetated filter strip scenarios were more effective than the other conservation scenarios on sediment reduction.
The findings of this study showed that the application of conservation management scenarios can significantly reduce sediment yields compared to agricultural management. It is also recommended to avoid continuous cultivation of the same crop as much as possible.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Agricultural management
  • Conservation management
  • Contouring
  • Sediment
  • Terracing

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 53، شماره 12
اسفند 1401
صفحه 2809-2824

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