ارزیابی رس‌های اصلاح‌شده با نانوذرات مگنتیت و اگزوپلی ساکارید باکتریایی و تاثیر آن‌ها بر فعالیت آنزیم‌های اوره‌آز، فسفاتاز و دهیدروژناز خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران.

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

آنزیم‌های خاک در فرایندهایی نظیر تجزیه مواد آلی، چرخه عناصر غذایی و تجزیه آلاینده‌ها نقش مهمی دارند. بنابراین حفظ فعالیت و پایداری آنزیم‌ها در خاک از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. این پژوهش در سال 1397 در آزمایشگاه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شد. در این مطالعه دو نوع رس مونتموریلونیت تغییر یافته با نانوذرات مگنتیت و اگزوپلی ساکارید تهیه شدند. خصوصیات رس‌های تهیه شده با کمک دستگاه‌های پراش اشعه ایکس و میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس تاثیر افزودن رس‌های مونتموریلونیت تغییر یافته بر فعالیت آنزیم‌های اوره‌آز، فسفاتاز و دهیدروژناز بررسی شد. آزمایش‌‌های فوق در قالب طرح پایه کاملا تصادفی با آرایش فاکتوریل شامل چهار نوع رس (مونتموریلونیت، مونتموریلونیت تغییر یافته با نانوذرات مگنتیت، مونتموریلونیت آلی شده با اگزوپلی‌ساکارید و نانوذرات مگنتیت و شاهد) در پنج زمان (1، 3، 7، 14 و 21 روز) با سه تکرار انجام شد. در تصاویر میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی بهترین تغییرات مورفولوژی مربوط به رس تغییر یافته با مجموع سورفکتانت اگزوپلی‌ساکارید و نانوذرات مگنتیت بود، سورفکتانت اگزو‌پلی‌ساکارید لایه‌های رس را بطور کامل از هم باز و تخلخل‌های فراوانی در آن ایجاد و از تجمع نانوذرات نیز جلوگیری کرد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از آنالیز آماری میزان فعالیت آنزیم اوره‌آز با افزودن رس مونتموریلونیت به خاک 4/1 برابر، رس تغییر یافته با نانوذرات مگنتیت 5/1 برابر، رس تغییر یافته با اگزوپلی‌ساکارید و نانوذرات مگنتیت 3 برابر افزایش یافت. همچنین میزان فعالیت آنزیم فسفاتاز با افزودن رس مونتموریلونیت به خاک 1/1 برابر، رس تغییر یافته با نانوذرات مگنتیت 3/1 برابر، رس تغییر یافته با اگزوپلی‌ساکارید و نانوذرات مگنتیت 5/1 برابر افزایش نشان داد و میزان فعالیت آنزیم دهیدروژناز با اضافه کردن رس مونتموریلونیت به خاک 1/1 برابر، رس تغییر یافته با نانوذرات مگنتیت 2/1 برابر، رس تغییر یافته با اگزوپلی‌ساکارید و نانوذرات مگنتیت 3/1 برابر افزایش نشان داد. بنابراین با توجه به نتایج مشاهده شد که ایجاد تغییرات در محیط اطراف آنزیم‌ها با سورفکتانت اگزوپلی ساکارید و نانوذرات مگنتیت باعث افزایش پایداری و فعالیت آنزیم‌ها در محیط خاک در مدت زمان 21 روز انکوباسیون شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating modified Organoclays using Magnetite Nanoparticles and Bacterial Exopolysaccharide and their Effects on Urease, Phosphatase, and Dehydrogenase Soil Enzymes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahboobeh Abolhasani Zeraatkar 1
  • Amir Lakzian 2
1 Department of Soil Science, Agriculture Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
2 Department of Soil Science, Agriculture Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Soil enzymes are involved in processes such as decomposition of organic matter, food chain cycle, and degradation of contaminants. Therefore, it is very important to protect activity and stability of soil enzymes. This research was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2017. In the present study, two types of organo-montmorillonites were produced by intercalating montmorillonite with magnetite nanoparticles and with an exopolysaccharide. The properties of the produced organoclays were studied using XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Effects of application of organo-montmorillonites to the soil on activities of urease, phosphatase, and dehydrogenase were investigated. The experiments were carried out using the completely randomized design with factorial arrangement employing four clay types (montmorillonite, NMM or montmorillonite intercalated with magnetite nanoparticles, ENMM or montmorillonite intercalated with both the exopolysaccharide and magnetite nanoparticles, and the control) at five durations (1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days) with three replications. SEM images revealed that the best morphological changes happened in ENMM. Morphology images of this organoclay showed that it had small layers with abundant pores, the exopolysaccharide surfactant completely separated the clay layers and created abundant pores thus preventing nanoparticle aggregation. Results of the statistical analysis indicated that adding MM, NMM, and ENMM to the soil increased urease activity by 1.4-, 1.5-, and 3-fold, respectively. Moreover, activity levels of phosphatase enzyme increased by 1.1-, 1.3-, and 1.5-fold when MM, NMM, and ENMM were added to the soil, respectively and dehydrogenase activity increased by 1.1-, 1.2-, and 1.3-fold when MM, NMM, and ENMM were applied to the soil, respectively. Results indicated that the change in the soil environment surrounding the enzymes with the exopolysaccharide surfactant and magnetite nanoparticles increased activity and stability of enzymes in soil during the 21-day incubation period.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • مونتموریلونیت
  • پراش اشعه ایکس
  • میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی
Acosta Martinez, V., Cruz, L., Sotomayor Ramirez, D., and Perez Alegria, L. (2007). Enzyme activities as affected by soil properties and land use in tropical watershed. Applied Soil Ecology, 35, 35-45.
Alotaibi, K.D., and Schoenaua, J.J. (2011). Enzymatic activity and microbial biomass in soil amended with biofuel production byproducts. Applied Soil Ecology, 48, 227-235.
Alshabanat, M., AL-Anazy, M. (2019). Effect of cationic-surfactant-modified Saudi bentonite on the thermal and flammability properties of poly (vinyl alcohol)-based nanocomposite films. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 13(1), 360-369.
An, J.H., and Stefan, D. (2007). Adsorption of tannic acid on chitosan-montmorillonite as a function of pH and surface charge properties. Applied Clay Science, 36, 256-264.
An, N., Zhou, C.H., Zhuang, X.Y., Tong, D.S., and Yu, W.H. (2015). Immobilization of enzymes on clay minerals for biocatalysts and biosensors. Applied Clay Science, 114, 283-296.
Anakli, D. (2019). Effects of the three types of surfactants on the structure of organo-modified bentonite. Eskişehir Technical University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering, 20, 30-35.
Arnold, F.H. (2018). Directed evolution: Bringing new chemistry to life. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 57(16), 4143-4148.
Arruebo, M., Fernandez Pacheco, R., Irusta, S., Arbiol, J., Ibarra, M.R., and Santamaria, J. (2006). Sustained release of doxorubicin from zeolite-magnetite nanocomposites prepared by mechanical activation. Nanotechnology, 17, 4057-4064.
Assaad, E., Azzouzt, A., Nistor, D., Ursu, A.V., Sajin, T., Miron, D.N., Monette, F., Niquette, P., and Hausler, R. (2007). Metal removal through synergic coagulation–flocculation using an optimized chitosan–montmorillonite system. Applied Clay Science, 37, 258-274.
Bashour, I.I., and Sayegh, A.H. (2007). Methods of analysis for soils of arid and semi arid regions. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.
Bastida, F.Z.A., Hernandez, H., and Garcia, C. (2008). Past, present and future of soil quality indices: A biological perspective. Geoderma, 147, 159-171.
Benucci, I., Liburdi, K., Cacciotti, I., Lombardelli, C., Zappino, M., Nanni, F., and Esti, M. (2017). Chitosan/clay nanocomposite films as supports for enzyme immobilization: An innovative green approach for winemaking applications. Food Hydrocolloids, 74, 124-131.
Bertolino, V., Cavallaro, G., Lazzara, G., Merli, M., Milioto, S., Parisi, F., and Sciascia, L. (2016). Effect of the biopolymer charge and the nanoclay morphology on nanocomposite materials. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 55, 7373-7380.
Bruce, I.J., Taylor, J., Todd, M., Davies, M.J., Borioni, E., Sangregorio, C., and Sen, T. (2004). Synthesis, characterisation and application of silica-magnetite nanocomposites. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 284, 145-160.
Chapman, R., and Stenzel, M.H. (2019). All wrapped up: Stabilization of enzymes within single enzyme nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141 (7), 2754-2796.
Chen, G., Hu, Q., Schulez, F., Parak, W.J., Wang, L., Cui, X., Yang, K., Luo, Z., Zang, A., and Fu, Q. (2021). Aqueous-based silica nanoparticles as carriers for catalytically active biomacromolecules. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 4 (9), 9060-9067.
Cullen, L.G., Tilston, E.L., Mitchell, G.R., Collins, C.D., and Shaw, L.J. (2011). Assessing the impact of nano- and micro-scale zerovalent iron particles on soil microbial activities: Particle reactivity interferes with assay conditions and interpretation of genuine microbial effects. Chemosphere, 82, 1675-1682.
Dick, R.P. (2010). Soil enzyme stability as an ecosystem indicator. Project. Oregon State University.
Finkenbeina, P., Kretschmerc, K., Kukab, K., Klotza, S., and Heilmeier, H. (2013). Soil enzyme activities as bioindicators for substrate quality in revegetation of a subtropical coal mining dump. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 56, 87-89.
Frankenberger, W.T., and Tabatabai, M.A. (1980). Amidase Activity in Soils: II. Kinetic parameters. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44, 532-536.
Galindo Gonzalez, C., Vicente, J.D., Ramos Tejada, M.M., Lopez, M.T., Gonzalez Caballero, F., and Duran, J.D.G. (2005). Preparation and sedimentation behavior in magnetic fields of magnetite-covered clay particles. Langmuir, 21, 4410-4419.
Gauri, S.S., Mandal, S.M., Mondal, K.C., Dey, S., and Pati, B.R. (2009). Enhanced production and partial characterization of an extracellular polysaccharide from newly isolated Azotobacter sp. SSB81. Bioresource Technology, 100, 4240-4243.
Ghosha, S., Chaganti, S.R., and Prakasham, R.S. (2012). Polyaniline nanofiber as a novel immobilization matrix for the anti-leukemia enzyme L-asparaginase. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 74, 132-137.
Hammer, S.C., Kubik, G., Watkins, E., Huang, S., Minges, H., and Arnold, F.H. (2017). Anti markovnikov alkene oxidation by metal-oxo–mediated enzyme catalysis. Science, 358, 215-218.
Hegedus, I., and Nagy, E. (2009). Improvement of chymotrypsin enzyme stability as single enzyme nanoparticles. Chemical Engineering Science, 64, 1053-1060.
Hoarau, M., Badieyan, S., and Marsh, E.N.G. (2017). Immobilized enzymes: understanding enzyme-surface interactions at the molecular level. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 15(45), 9539-9551.
Houch, L.B., Mack, E.J., Hydutsky, B.W., Hershman, J.M., Skluzacek, J.M., and Mallouk, T.E. (2008). Carbothermal synthesis of carbon supported nanoscale zerovalent iron particles for the remediation of hexavalent chromium. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 2600-2605.
Hsu, S., Wang, M., and Lin, J.J. (2012). Biocompatibility and antimicrobial evaluation of montmorillonite/chitosan nanocomposites. Applied Clay Science, 56, 53-62.
Hsu, S.H., Tseng, H.J., Hung, H.S., Wang, M.C., Hung, C.H., Li, P.R., and Lin, J.J. (2009). Antimicrobial activities and cellular responses to natural silicate clays and derivatives modified by cationic alkylamine salts. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 1, 2556–2564.
Hu, C., and Cao, Z. (2007). Size and activity of the soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity in long term field experiments. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1, 63-70. 
Jatav, G.K., and Nirmal, D.E. (2013). Application of nanotechnology in soil-plant system. An Asian Journal of Soil Science, 8, 176-184.
Jiang, L., Liu, P., and Zhao, S. (2015). Magnetic ATP/ FA/ Poly (AA-co-AM) Ternary nanocomposite microgel as selective adsorbent for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. colloids and surfaces A: Physiochemical and engineering aspects, 470, 31-38.
Jin, S., Bum, C.P., Ham, W.S., Pan, L., and Kim, Y.K. (2017). Effect of the magnetic core size of amino-functionalized Fe3O4 mesoporous SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles on the removal of heavy metal ions. Clloids and surfaces A: Physicochemical and engineering aspect, 531, 133-140.
Johnatan, D., Castro-Castro, J.D., Macias-Quiroga, I.F., and Sanabria-Gonzalez, N.R. (2020). Adsorption of Cr (VI) in Aqueous Solution Using a Surfactant-Modified Bentonite. The Scientific World Journal, 9 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3628163.
Kandeler, E., Poll, C., Frankenberger, W.T., and Tabatabai, M.A. (2011). Nitrogen Cycle Enzymes. In: Dick R.P. (ed.). Methods of soil enzymology. p. 211-245. Soil Science Society of America. Madison.
Karimi, B., Tavakolian, M., Mansouri, F., and Vali, H. (2019). Nanopalladium on magnetic ionic nanoparticle network (MINN) as an efficient and recyclable catalyst whit high ionic density and dispersibility. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 7, 3811-3823.
Kim, J., Grate, J.W., and Wang, P. (2006). Nanostructures for enzyme stabilization. Chemical Engineering Science, 61, 1017-1026.
Kuchler, A., Yoshimoto, M., Luginbuhl, S., Mavelli, F., and Walde, P. (2016). Enzymatic reactions in confined environments. Nature Nanotechnology, 11, 409.
Lancaster, L., Abdallah, W., Banta, S., and Wheeldon, I. (2018). Engineering enzyme microenvironments for enhanced biocatalysis. Chemical Society Reviews, 47(14), 5177-5186.
Leinweber, P., Jandl, G., Baum, C., Eckhardt, K.U., and Kandeler, E. (2008). Stability and composition of soil organic matter control respiration and soil enzyme activities. Siol Biology and Bochemistry, 40, 1496-1505.
Lewandowska, K., Sionkowska, A., Furtos, G., Grabska, S., and Michalska, M. (2015). Structure and interactions in chitosan composites. Key Engineering Materials, 672, 257-260.
Li, S. and Wu, P. (2010). Characterization of sodium dodecyl sulfate modified iron pillared montmorillonite and its application for the removal of aqueous Cu (II) and Co (II). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173, 62–70.
Mazur, F., Bally, M., Stadler, B., and Chandrawati, R. (2017). Liposomes and lipid bilayers in biosensors. Advances in colloid and interface science, 249, 88-99.
Mohamad, N.R., Marzuki, N.H.C., Buang, N.A., Huyop, F., and Wahab, R.A. (2015). An overview of technologies for immobilization of enzymes and surface analysis techniques for immobilized enzymes. Biotechnology and Biotechnology Equipment, 29(2), 205-220.
Monvisade, P., and Siriphannon, P. (2009). Chitosan intercalated montmorillonite: Preparation, characterization and cationic dye adsorption. Applied Clay Science, 42, 427–431.
Nabati, F., Habibi Rezaei, M., Amanlou, M., and Moosavi Movahedi, A.A. (2011). Dioxane enhanced immobilization of urease on alkyl modified nano porous silica using reversible denaturation approach. Journal of Molecular Cayalysis B: Enzymatic, 70, 17-22.
Novakova, A.A., Lanchinskaya, V.Y., Volkov, A.V., Gendler, T.S., Kiseleva, T.Y., Moskvina, M.A., and Zezin, S.B. (2003). Magnetic properties of polymer nanocomposites containing iron oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Magntism and Magnetic Materials, 258, 354–357.
Nurmi, J.T., Tratnyek, P.G., Sarathy, V., Baer, D.R., Amonette, J.E., Pecher, K., Wang, C., Linehan, J.C., Matson, D.W., Penn, R.L., and Driessen, M.D. (2005). Characterization and properties of metallic iron nanoparticles: spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and kinetics. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 1221–1230.
Ozturk, H., Pollet, E., Phalip, V., Guvenilir, Y., Averous, L. (2016). Nanoclays for Lipase Immobilization: Biocatalyst Characterization and Activity in Polyester Synthesis. Polymers, 416, 1-17.
Patil, A.J., Muthusamy, E., and Mann, S. (2004). Synthesis and self-assembly of organoclay wrapped biomolecules. Angewandte Chemie, 116, 5036–5041.
Rao, M.S., Kanatt, S.R., Chawla, S.P., and Sharma, A. (2010). Chitosan and guar gum composite films: preparation, physical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties. Carbohydrate Polyemrs, 82, 1243–1247.
Rudnicki, P., Hubicki, Z., and Kolodynska, D. (2014). Evaluation of heavy metal ions removal from acidic waste water streams. Chemical Engineering Journal, 252, 362-373.
Ruiz Hitzky, E., Darder, M., and Arona, P. (2008). Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials. In: RuizHitzky, E., Ariga, K., and Lvov, Y.M. (eds.), WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Sedaghat, M.E., Ghiaci, M., Aghaei, H., and Soleimanian Z.S. (2009). Enzyme immobilization. Part 4. Immobilization of alkaline phosphatase on Na-sepiolite and modified sepiolite. Applied Clay Science, 46, 131-135.
Sharma, S., and Komarneni, S. (2009). Synthesis and characterization of synthetic micabionanocomposites. Applied Clay Science, 42, 553–558.
Silva, C., Martins, M., Jing, S., and Fu, J. (2018). Cavaco-paulo, A., practical insights on enzyme stabilization. Critical reviews in biotechnology, 38(3), 335-350.
Theerdhala, S., Bahadur, D., Vitta, S., Perkas, N., Zhong, Z., and Gedanken, A. (2010). Sonochemical stabilization of ultrafine colloidal biocompatible magnetite nanoparticles using amino acid, L-arginine, for possible bio applications. Ultrasonic Sonochemistry, 17, 730-737.
Wicklein, B., Darder, M., Aranda, P., and Ruiz Hitzky, E. (2011). Phospholipid sepiolite biomimetic interfaces for the immobilization of enzymes. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces, 3, 4339-4348.
Wu, L., Liao, L., Lv, G., Qin, F., and Li, Z. (2014). Microstructure and process of intercalation of imidazolium ionic liquids into montmorillonite. Chemical Engineering Journal, 236, 306-313.
Yu, B.Y., and kowak, S.Y. (2010). Assembly of magnetite nanocrystals into spherical mesoporous aggregates with a 3-D wormhole-like por estructure. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 38, 8320-8328.
Yuan, P., Fan, M., Yang, D., He, H., Liu, D., Yuanc, A., Zhu, J.X., and Chen, T.H. (2009). Montmorillonite-supported magnetite nanoparticles for the removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166, 821–829.
Zappino, M., Cacciotti, I., Benucci, I., Nanni, F., Liburdi, K., and Valentini, F. (2015). Bromelain immobilization on microbial and animal source chitosan films, plasticized with glycerol, for application in wine like medium: Microstructural, mechanical and catalytic characterizations. Food Hydrocolloids, 45, 41-47.
Zhang, L., He, R., and Gu, H.C. (2006). Synthesis and kinetic shape and size evolution of magnetite nanoparticles. Materials Research Bulletin, 41, 260–267.
Zhu, L.Z., Zhu, R.L., Xu, L.H., and Ruan, X. (2007). Influence of clay charge densities and surfactant loading amount on the microstructure of CTMA-montmorillonite hybrids. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 304, 41–48.