ارزیابی راندمان کاربرد و نمایه-های بهره‌وری آب در سویا تابستانه (مطالعه موردی: پایین‌دست شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی مغان، استان اردبیل)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل (مغان)، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

2 موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

3 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل (مغان)، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش

چکیده

در شرایط کنونی محدودیت منابع آب، بهبود بهره‏وری آب کشاورزی ضرورتی اجتناب‌ناپذیر است. بنابراین، در دست داشتن برآوردهایی معتبر از مقادیر فصلی آب آبیاری و بهره‏وری آب در شرایط فعلی مدیریت آبیاری و بهره‌برداری اعمال شده در مزارع حایز اهمیت است. در پژوهش حاضر، آب کاربردی فصلی و بهره‌وری فیزیکی و اقتصادی آب سویا در 29 مزرعه تحت مدیریت زارعین واقع در بخش پایین‌دست شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی مغان، استان اردبیل، در فصل زراعی 1400-1399 مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نیاز آبی خالص سویا در مزارع مطالعاتی در فصل زراعی 1400-1399و میانگین 10 ساله آن به‌ترتیب، در دامنه 417 تا 719 و 457 تا 797 میلی‌متر برآورد شد (به‌ترتیب، با میانگین 539 و 581 میلی‌متر). مجموع بارش موثر و آب کاربردی فصلی (I + Pe) و عملکرد دانه سویا به‌ترتیب، بین 3859 تا 7105 مترمکعب بر هکتار و 30/1 تا 80/2 تن بر هکتار اندازه‌گیری شد (به‌ترتیب، با میانگین 5664 مترمکعب بر هکتار و 35/2 تن بر هکتار). محدودیت انعطاف‌پذیری در تحویل آب به مزارع موجب اعمال یک برنامه‌ریزی آبیاری غیرمنطبق با نیاز آبی گیاه گردید. برآیند اثر عوامل محدود کننده تولید سویا در منطقه مطالعاتی موجب شد حداکثر عملکرد مشاهداتی دانه سویا به‌طور قابل توجهی پایین‌تر از عملکرد پتانسیل سویا در دشت مغان (00/4 تن بر هکتار) باشد. عملکرد دانه سویا یک همبستگی درجه دوم با I + Pe را نشان داد. نمایه‌های بهره‌وری مجموع آب کاربردی و بارش موثر (WPI+Pe) و بهره‌وری اقتصادی آب آبیاری (WP$) در مزارع مطالعاتی به‌ترتیب، بین 33/0 تا 47/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب و 18/21 تا 29/48 هزار ریال بر مترمکعب متغیر بود (به‌ترتیب، با میانگین 42/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب و 89/39 هزار ریال بر مترمکعب). میانگین راندمان کاربرد اسرائیلسن (AE) در مزارع مطالعاتی برای مراحل ابتدایی، توسعه‌ای و میانی رشد گیاه به‌ترتیب، برابر با 19، 95 و 100 درصد به‌دست آمد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of Soybean Applied Water and Water Productivity (a case study: Tail End Region of Moghan Irrigation and Drainage Network, Ardabil Province, Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farzin Parchami-Araghi 1
  • Fariborz Abbasi 2
  • Karamat Akhavan 3
1 Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ardabil, Iran.
2 Agricultural Engineering Research Institue (AERI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
3 Assistant Prof., Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ardabil, Iran
چکیده [English]

Due to limitation of available water resources, improving agricultural water productivity has become an inevitable necessity. Therefore, it is important to have reliable estimates of the seasonal applied water and water productivity under current irrigation and farm management. In this paper, the seasonal applied water and physical and economic water productivity of soybean were studied through monitoring 29 farms under actual conditions located at the tail end region of Moghan irrigation and drainage network, Ardabil Province, Iran, during the growing season 2020-2021. The net water requirement estimates of soybean during the growing season 2020-2021 and its 10-year average ranged from 417-719 mm and 457-797 mm with a mean of 539 and 581 mm, respectively, over the studied farms. The total applied water (irrigation + effective precipitation, I + Pe) and the grain yield ranged from 3859-7105 m3 ha-1 and 1.30-2.80 ton ha-1, with a mean of 5664 m3 ha-1 and 2.35 ton ha-1, respectively. The lack of flexibility in water allocations led irrigation schedule to be not adapted with the crop water requirement. The limiting factors of soybean production in the study area caused the observed maximum grain yield to be significantly lower than the potential level of soybean yield in Moghan plain (4.00 ton ha-1). The soybean grain yield exhibited a quadratic correlation with I + Pe. Total water productivity (WPI+Pe) and economic water productivity (WP$) ranged from 0.33 to 0.47 kg m-3 and 21.18 ´ 103 to 48.29 ´ 103 Rials m-3 with a mean of 0.42 kg m-3 and 39.89 ´ 103 Rials m-3, respectively. The mean Israelsen's application efficiency (AE) over initial, development, and mid-season plant growth stages in the study fields were obtained 19, 95, and 100%, respectively.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Application Efficiency
  • Drought Stress
  • FAO Penman-Monteith
  • Planting Date
  • Wet Planting
Abudulai, M. (2018). Influence of planting date and cultivar on pod-sucking bug infestation and yield of soybean in northern Ghana. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 63(1), 77-81.
Ahmadi, K., Ebadzadeh, H.R., Hatami, F., Abdshah, H. and Kazemian, A. (2020). Iran agricultural statistical yearbook (2017-2018), Volume I: Agricultural crops. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Tehran, Iran, 89 pp. (in Persian)
Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO irrigation and drainage paper 56, FAO, Rome, Italy, 301 pp.
Aminifar, J., Biglouei, M.H., Mohsenabad, G. and Samiezadeh, H. (2011). Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Water Productivity of Seven Soybean Cultivars in Rasht Region. Water and Soil Science, 21(4), 81-91. (in Persian with English abstract)
Arora, V.K., Singh, C.B., Sidhu, A.S. and Thind, S.S. (2011). Irrigation, tillage and mulching effects on soybean yield and water productivity in relation to soil texture. Agricultural Water Management, 98(4), 563-568.
Babazadeh, H. and Saraeetabrizi, M. (2013). Calibration of SWAP Model for Simulating Crop Yield, Biological Yield and Soybean Water Use Efficiency. Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 35(4), 83-96. (in Persian with English abstract)
Bos, M.G., Kselik, R.A.L., Allen, R.G. and Molden, D. (2008). Water requirements for irrigation and the environment. Springer Science & Business Media.
da Silva, E.H.F.M., Gonçalves, A.O., Pereira, R.A., Júnior, I.M.F., Sobenko, L.R. and Marin, F.R. (2019). Soybean irrigation requirements and canopy-atmosphere coupling in Southern Brazil. Agricultural Water Management, 218, 1-7.
Demirtas, Ç., Yazgan, S., Candogan, B.N., Sincik, M., Büyükcangaz, H. and Göksoy, A.T. (2010). Quality and yield response of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) to drought stress in sub–humid environment. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(41), 6873-6881.
Eslami, A. (2016). Irrigation water measurement tools in surface irrigation methods. Agricultural Research, Training and Extension Organization, Fars Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Technical Journal, No. 44, Shiraz, Iran, 24 pp. (In Persian)
Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). (2020). Crop Water Information: Soybean. (Available at: http://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/crop-information/soybean/en/)
Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Data (FAOSTAT). (2021). FAO Statistical Data. (Available at: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/home/E)
Farahani-Pad, P., Paknejad, F., Fazeli, F., Ilkaee, M.N. and Davoodi-Fard, M. (2012). Effect of planting date on dry matter and yield components in four soybean cultivars. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 8(15), 1-10.
Farahza, M.N., Nazari, B., Akbari, M.R., Naeini, M.S. and Liaghat, A. (2020). Assessing the Physical and Economic Water Productivity of Annual Crops in Moghan Plain and Analyzing the Relationship between Physical and Economic Water Productivity. Irrigation and Water Engineering, 11(2), 166-179. (in Persian with English abstract)
Gajić, B., Kresović, B., Tapanarova, A., Životić, L. and Todorović, M. (2018). Effect of irrigation regime on yield, harvest index and water productivity of soybean grown under different precipitation conditions in a temperate environment. Agricultural Water Management, 210, 224-231.
Garcia, A.G.y., Persson, T., Guerra, L. and Hoogenboom, G. (2010). Response of soybean genotypes to different irrigation regimes in a humid region of the southeastern USA. Agricultural water management, 97(7), 981-987.
Gerçek, S., Boydak, E., Okant, M. and Dikilitaş, M. (2009). Water pillow irrigation compared to furrow irrigation for soybean production in a semi-arid area. Agricultural water management, 96(1), 87-92.
Irmak, S., Specht, J.E., Odhiambo, L.O., Rees, J.M. and Cassman, K.G. (2014). Soybean yield, evapotranspiration, water productivity, and soil water extraction response to subsurface drip irrigation and fertigation. Transactions of the ASABE, 57(3), 729-748.
Israelsen, O.W. (1932). Irrigation Principles and Practices. John Wiley and Sons, NewYork.
Kiani, A.R., Kamali, M.I. and Abbasi, F. (2022). Investigation of Soybean Irrigation Water Productivity in Farms of Golestan Province. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 16(1), 69-82.
Massey, J.H., Stiles, C.M., Epting, J.W., Powers, R.S., Kelly, D.B., Bowling, T.H., Janes, C.L. and Pennington, D.A. (2017). Long-term measurements of agronomic crop irrigation made in the Mississippi delta portion of the lower Mississippi River Valley. Irrigation Science, 35(4), 297-313.
Mokari-Ghahroodi, E., Noory, H. and Liaghat, A. (2015). Performance evaluation study and hydrologic and productive analysis of irrigation systems at the Qazvin irrigation network (Iran). Agricultural Water Management, 148, 189-195.
Molden, D., Murray-Rust, H., Sakthivadivel, R. and Makin, I. (2003). A water-productivity framework for understanding and action. In: Kijne, W., Barkers, R. and Molden, D. (Eds.), Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvements. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
Molden, D., Oweis, T., Steduto, P., Bindraban, P., Hanjra, M.A. and Kijne, J. (2010). Improving agricultural water productivity: Between optimism and caution. Agricultural water management, 97(4), 528-535.
Parchami-Araghi, F., Mirlatifi, S.M., Ghorbani Dashtaki, S., Vazifehdoust, M. and Sadeghi-Lari, A. (2016). Development of a Disaggregation Framework toward the Estimation of Subdaily Reference Evapotranspiration: 1- Performance Comparison of Some Daily-to-subdaily Weather Data Disaggregation Models. Journal of Water and Soil, 30(2), 334-354. (in Persian with English abstract)
Perry, C. (2011). Accounting for water use: Terminology and implications for saving water and increasing production. Agricultural Water Management, 98(12), 1840-1846.
Qiu, L.J. and Chang, R.Z. (2010). The Origin and History of Soybean. In: Singh, G. (Ed.), The soybean: botany, production and uses. CABI, Oxfordshire, UK, pp. 1-23.
Rostami-Ajirloo, A., Asgharipour, M.R., Ghanbari, A., Joudi, M. and Khoramivafa, M. (2017). Study the effect of deficit irrigation on yield, quality characteristics and water use efficiency of three cultivars of soybean in Moghan plain. Journal of Water and Soil Resources Conservation, 7(1), 113-125. (in Persian with English abstract)
Sincik, M., Candogan, B.N., Demirtas, C., Büyükcangaz, H., Yazgan, S. and Göksoy, A.T. (2008). Deficit Irrigation of Soya Bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in a Sub‐humid Climate. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 194(3), 200-205.
Todorovic, M., Karic, B. and Pereira, L.S. (2013). Reference evapotranspiration estimate with limited weather data across a range of Mediterranean climates. Journal of Hydrology, 481, 166-176.
USDA-NRCS. (1993). Chapter 2: Irrigation water requirements, Part 623: Irrigation. National Engineering Handbook, United States Depart-ment of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC. (Available at: ftp://ftp.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/wntsc/waterMgt/irrigation/NEH15/ch2.pdf).
United States Salinity Laboratory Staff (USSLS). (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils, Agriculture Handbook No 60, Washington DC, USA, pp. 160.
Vahdi, N., Gholinezhad, E., Mansourifar, S., Geyrati Arani, L. and Rahimi, M. (2019). Effect of Water Stress on Yield and Yield Components of Three Soybean Cultivars. Plant Production Technology, 11(1), 103-113. (in Persian with English abstract)
Wei, Z., Paredes, P., Liu, Y., Chi, W.W. and Pereira, L.S. (2015). Modelling transpiration, soil evaporation and yield prediction of soybean in North China Plain. Agricultural water management, 147, 43-53.
Wilcox, L.V. (1955). Classification and use of the irrigation waters. US Department of Agriculture Circular No 969, Washington, DC, pp. 19.
Yang, K. and Koike, T. (2005). A general model to estimate hourly and daily solar radiation for hydrological studies. Water Resources Research, 41, W10403.