اثر آبیاری با پساب تصفیه‌شده مغناطیسی بر جذب برخی فلزات سنگین در کشت ذرت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

2 گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده مهندسی زارعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

چکیده

در حال حاضر و با توجه به بحران شدید منابع آب، استفاده مجدد از پساب فاضلاب تصفیه­شده در بخش کشاورزی حائز اهمیت است. در بین انواع آلاینده­های محیط­زیست، فلزات سنگین موجود در پساب­ها بیشتر مورد توجه می­باشند. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر استفاده از پساب مغناطیسی بر میزان جذب فلزات سنگین گیاه ذرت می­باشد. بدین منظور، آزمایشی لایسیمتری در یک دوره کشت و به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1399 در شهرستان بابلسر انجام شد. محل تأمین پساب، تصفیه‌خانه فاضلاب بخش شرقی شهرستان بابلسر بود. تیمارهای آبیاری به روش قطره‌ای و شامل کاربرد 100 درصد آب چاه (W1)، اختلاط 25 درصد پساب و 75 درصد آب چاه (W2)، اختلاط 50 درصد پساب و 50 درصد آب چاه (W3)، اختلاط 75 درصد پساب و 25 درصد آب چاه (W4) و آبیاری با 100 درصد پساب (W5) در شرایط اعمال میدان مغناطیسی (I1) و بدون تأثیر میدان مغناطیسی (I2) بود. در پایان دوره، عناصر سرب، کادمیوم، روی و نیکل در اندام هوایی و دانه گیاه ذرت اندازه­گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر نوع آبیاری و اختلاط آب و پساب بر غلظت تمامی عناصر در اندام هوایی و دانه گیاه ذرت در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی­­دار شد. با اعمال میدان مغناطیسی غلظت فلزات سرب، کادمیوم، روی و نیکل در اندام هوایی گیاه به­ترتیب 84/17، 9/15، 22/14 و 92/13 درصد نسبت به تیمار غیرمغناطیسی کاهش داشت. کاهش عناصر فوق در دانه گیاه ذرت به­ترتیب برابر 97/13، 52/14، 95/12 و 71/13 درصد بود. با افزایش درصد پساب مورد استفاده در آبیاری، غلظت تمامی عناصر افزایش معنی­­داری یافت. بیشترین مقدار غلظت عناصر در اندام هوایی و دانه گیاه ذرت مربوط به عنصر روی به ترتیب با مقدار 19/93 و 32/74 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. کمترین غلظت جذب فلزات سنگین در اندام هوایی و دانه گیاه ذرت به­ترتیب مربوط به کادمیوم (73/0 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) و نیکل (61/3 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) بود که همگی از تیمار W5 به دست آمدند. بنابراین با استفاده از فن­آوری مغناطیسی می­توان تجمع فلزات سنگین موجود در پساب‌ها در خاک را کاهش داد و از جذب آن توسط ذرت جلوگیری کرد. با توجه به جذب زیاد عناصر توسط گیاه ذرت، در هنگام آبیاری با پساب تصفیه­خانه­ها انتخاب گیاهانی که پتانسیل تجمع فلزات سنگین کمتری داشته و به مصرف مستقیم انسان و دام نمی‌رسد، قابل توصیه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Irrigation with Magnetically Treated Effluent on Uptake of Some Heavy Metals in Maize Cultivation

نویسندگان [English]

  • Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji 1
  • Mojtaba Khoshravesh 2
1 Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
2 1- Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
چکیده [English]

At present, due to the severe crisis of water resources, the reuse of treated effluent and wastewater in the agricultural sector is of great importance. Heavy metals in wastewater are the most important types of environmental pollutants. The goal of this research is to investigate the effect of using magnetically treated effluent on the uptake of heavy metals in maize. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2020 at Babolsar city. Treatments included irrigation with well water (W1), irrigation with mixed water (25% of effluent and 75% of well water, W2), irrigation with the mixed water (50% of effluent and 50% of well water, W3), irrigation with mixed water (75% of effluent and 25% of well water (W4), irrigation with 100% effluent (W5) under magnetic field (I1) and without magnetic field effect (I2). At the end of the period, the elements of lead, cadmium, zinc and nickel were measured in aerial parts and seeds of maize. The results showed that the effect of irrigation type and mixed water on the concentration of all elements in aerial parts and seeds of maize was significant at the level of one percent probability. By applying a magnetic field, the concentrations of lead, cadmium, zinc and nickel in the aerial parts of plant decreased by 17.84, 15.9, 14.22 and 13.92% compared to non-magnetic treatment, respectively. With increasing the percentage of effluent in the mixed water for irrigation, the concentration of all elements increased significantly. The maximum concentration of elements in aerial parts and seeds of maize was related to zinc, which was 93.19 and 74.32 mg/kg respectively. The lowest concentrations of heavy metal uptake in aerial parts and seeds of maize were cadmium (0.73 mg/kg) and nickel (3.61 mg/kg), which were corresponded to W5 treatment. Therefore, by using magnetic effluent as irrigation, the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil can be reduced and its absorption by maize can be prevented. Due to the high uptake of elements by the maize plant, when irrigating with effluents, it is advisable to select plants that have less potential for the accumulation of heavy metals.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Mixing Water and Effluent
  • Lead
  • Cadmium
  • Zinc
  • Nickel
Abedi-Koupai, J., Khoshravesh, M., & Zanganeh, M. E. (2013). Distribution of moisture and salinity under deficit irrigation and irrigation water salinity in an alternative trickle irrigation system of tape. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13(2), 394-402.
Ahmad, K., Ejaz, A., Azam, M., Khan, Z. I., Ashraf, M., Al-Qurainy, F., ... & Valeem, E. E. (2011). Lead, cadmium and chromium contents of canola irrigated with sewage water. Pak J Bot, 43(2), 1403-1410.
Alizadeh, M., Fathi, F., & Torabian, A. (2009). A Survey of Heavy Metals Accumulation in Foraging Plants Irrigated by Sewage in South of Tehran, Case study: Maize & Alfalfa. Journal of Environmental Studies, 34(48), 137-148. (In Persian)
Alloway, B. J. (1990). Heavy Metals in Soils. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, PP. 20-27.
Amouei, A., Cherati, A., & Naghipour, D. (2018). Heavy metals contamination and risk assessment of surface soils of Babol in northern Iran. Health Scope, 7(1), e62423.
Amusan, A. A., Ige, D. V., & Olawale, R. (2005). Characteristics of soils and crops’ uptake of metals in municipal waste dump sites in Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, 17(3), 167-171.
Behbahaninia, A., Azadi, A., & Sadeghian, S. (2010). Effect of wastewater irrigation on the accumulation of heavy metals in some vegetables in Roodehen region. Crop Research, 2(2), 165-173. (In Persian)
Beigi Harchegani, H., & Banitalebi, G. (2013). The Effect of Twenty-Three Years of Surface Irrigation with Treated Municipality Wastewater on Soil Loadings, Transfer to Wheat and Corn Grains, and Related Health Risks of Some Heavy Metals. Journal of Water and Soil, 27(3), 570-580. (In Persian)
Biryukov, A. S., Gavrikov, V. F., Nikiforova, L. O., & Shcheglov, V. A. (2005). New physical methods of disinfection of water. Journal of Russian Laser Research, 26(1), 13-25.
Cimboláková, I., Uher, I., Laktičová, K. V., Vargová, M., Kimáková, T., & Papajová, I. (2020). Heavy metals and the environment. Environ. Factors Affect. Hum. Heal, 10.
Dehvari, M., & Babaei, A. (2022). Analysis of heavy metals and PAHs in the waste resulting from hookah consumption: Ahvaz City, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-8.
Devkota, B., & Schmidt, G. H. (2000). Accumulation of heavy metals in food plants and grasshoppers from the Taigetos Mountains, Greece. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 78(1), 85-91.
Fatahi Kiasari, E., Fotovvat, A., Astaraei, A., & Haghnia G. (2010). Lead Phytoextraction from Soil by Corn, Sunflower, and Cotton Applying EDTA and Sulfuric Acid. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 14(51), 57-69. (In Persian)
Fathi, E., Parsinejad, M., Mirzaei, F., & Motesharezadeh, B. (2017). Effects of salinity and soil contaminated with sewage on cadmium uptake by corn. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 48(2), 359-368. (In Persian)
Ghadami Firouzabadi., Khoshravesh, M., Shirazi, P., & Zareabyaneh, H. (2016). Effect of Irrigation with Magnetized Water on the Yield and Biomass of Soybean var. DPX under Water Deficit and Salinity Stress. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 30(1), 131-143. (In Persian)
Heidarpour, M., Khoshravesh, M., & Moshaveri, Y. (2016). Effect of magnetized saline water on soil and water amendment in trickle irrigation. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 23(2), 179-193. (In Persian)
Karimi, B., Abdi, Ch., Fathi Tilko., & Gavilian, H. (2016). Effect of Irrigation with Treated Urban Wastewater on Heavy Metals Accumulation and Distribution in Soil Profile under Corn and Tomato. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 30(1), 89-101. (In Persian)
Khatun, S., Ali, M. B., Hahn, E. J., & Paek, K. Y. (2008). Copper toxicity in Withania somnifera: growth and antioxidant enzymes responses of in vitro grown plants. Environmental and experimental botany, 64(3), 279-285.
Khoshravesh, M., & Kiani, A. (2015). The Effect of Magnetized Saline Water on Infiltration and Electrical Conductivity in Different Soil Textures. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 9(4), 646-654. (In Persian)
Khoshravesh, M., Divband, L., Motamedi, F., & Reihany, G. (2016). The effects of cadmium on the adsorption of Cr (VI) by nano clay (Cloisite®‌Na+). Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 23(3), 241-256. (In Persian)
Khoshravesh, M., Erfanian, F., & Pourgholam-Amiji, M. (2021a). The Effect of Irrigation with Treated Magnetic Effluent on Yield and Yield Components of Maize. Water Management in Agriculture, 8(1), 115-128. (In Persian)
Khoshravesh, M., Hosseini, S., & Pourgholam-Amiji, M. (2021b). The Effect of Irrigation with Magnetically Treated Effluent on Chemical Properties and Soil Heavy Metals. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 52(8), 2191-2203. (In Persian)
Khoshravesh, M., Mirzaei, S. M. J., Shirazi, P., & Norooz Valashedi, R. (2018). Evaluation of dripper clogging using magnetic water in drip irrigation. Applied Water Science, 8(3), 1-8.
Latosińska, J., Kowalik, R., & Gawdzik, J. (2021). Risk assessment of soil contamination with heavy metals from municipal sewage sludge. Applied Sciences, 11(2), 548.
Liaghat, A., Oveysi, M., Ebrahimian, H., Pourgholam-Amiji, M., & Saleh, M. (2021). Effect of Using Lead-Contaminated Water by Surface Irrigation and Subirrigation on Silage Maize Yield and Uptake. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 15(1), 1-16. (In Persian)
Marchiol, L., Assolari, S., Sacco, P., & Zerbi, G. (2004). Phytoextraction of heavy metals by canola (Brassica napus) and radish (Raphanus sativus) grown on multicontaminated soil. Environmental Pollution, 132(1), 21-27.
Millaleo, R., Reyes-Díaz, M., Ivanov, A. G., Mora, M. L., & Alberdi, M. (2010). Manganese as essential and toxic element for plants: transport, accumulation and resistance mechanisms. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 10(4), 470-481.
Mojiri, A., & Aziz, H. A. (2011). Effects of municipal wastewater on accumulation of heavy metals in soil and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with two irrigation methods. Romanian Agricultural Research, 28, 217-222.
Mostafazadeh-Fard, B., Khoshravesh, M., Mousavi, S. F., & Kiani, A. R. (2012). Effects of magnetized water on soil chemical components underneath trickle irrigation. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering, 138(12), 1075-1081.
Mostafazadeh-Fard, B., Khoshravesh, M., Mousavi, S. F., & Kiani, A. R. (2011). Effects of magnetized water on soil sulphate ions in trickle irrigation. In 2nd International conference on environmental engineering and applications. IACSIT Press, Singapore (Vol. 17).
Muchuweti, M., Birkett, J. W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M. D., & Lester, J. N. (2006). Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: implications for human health. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 112(1), 41-48.
Park, J., Kim, J. Y., & Kim, K. W. (2012). Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals using Brassica napus. Geosystem Engineering, 15(1), 10-18.
Parsafar, N., & Marofi, S. (2013). Investigation of Transfer Coefficients of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb from Soil to Potato under Wastewater Reuse. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 17(66), 199-209. (In Persian)
Pourgholam-Amiji, M., Khoshravesh, M., Divband Hafshejani, L., & Ghadami Firouzabadi, A. (2022). The Effect of Irrigation with Treated Magnetic Effluent on Water Productivity of Maize. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 16(1), 243-253.
Pourgholam-Amiji, M., Khoshravesh, M., Waqas, M. M., & Mirzaei, S. M. J. (2020). Study of Combined Magnetized Water and Salinity on Soil Permeability in North of Iran. Big Data in Agriculture (BDA), 2(2), 69-73.
Pourgholam-Amiji, M., Liaghat, A., Khoshravesh, M., & Azamathulla, H. M. (2021). Improving rice water productivity using alternative irrigation (case study: north of Iran). Water Supply, 21(3), 1216-1227.
Pruvot, C., Douay, F., Hervé, F., & Waterlot, C. (2006). Heavy metals in soil, crops and grass as a source of human exposure in the former mining areas (6 pp). Journal of soils and sediments, 6(4), 215-220.
Rattan, R. K., Datta, S. P., Chhonkar, P. K., Suribabu, K., & Singh, A. K. (2005). Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater—a case study. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 109(3-4), 310-322.
Razanov, S. F., Tkachuk, O. P., Bakhmat, O. M., & Razanova, A. M. (2020). Reducing danger of heavy metals accumulation in winter wheat grain which is grown after leguminous perennial precursor. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(1), 254-260.
Rezaenejad, Y., & Afyuni, M. (2001). Effect of Organic Matter on Soil Chemical Properties and Corn Yield and Elemental Uptake. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 4(4), 19-29. (In Persian)
Rezapour, S., Atashpaz, B., Moghaddam, S. S., & Damalas, C. A. (2019). Heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with treated wastewater in calcareous soils. Science of the Total Environment, 656, 261-269.
Rusan, M. J. M., Hinnawi, S., & Rousan, L. (2007). Long term effect of wastewater irrigation of forage crops on soil and plant quality parameters. Desalination, 215(1-3), 143-152.
Shanker, A. K., Cervantes, C., Loza-Tavera, H., & Avudainayagam, S. (2005). Chromium toxicity in plants. Environment international, 31(5), 739-753.
Smith, C. J., Hopmans, P., & Cook, F. J. (1996). Accumulation of Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd in soil following irrigation with treated urban effluent in Australia. Environmental pollution, 94(3), 317-323.
Sohrabi, T., & Paydar, Z. (2016). Principles of Irrigation Systems Design. University of Tehran Press, first edition, 410 pp. (In Persian)
Torabian, A., & Mahjori, m. (2002). Heavy metals uptake by vegetable crops irrigated with wastewater in south Tehran. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 16(2), 188-196. (In Persian)
Yusuf, M., Fariduddin, Q., Hayat, S., & Ahmad, A. (2011). Nickel: an overview of uptake, essentiality and toxicity in plants. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 86(1), 1-17.
Zafarzadeh, A., Taghani, J. M., Toomaj, M. A., Ramavandi, B., Bonyadi, Z., & Sillanpää, M. (2021). Assessment of the health risk and geo-accumulation of toxic metals in agricultural soil and wheat, northern Iran. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 193(11), 1-10.
Zhao, G., Mu, Y., Wang, Y., & Wang, L. (2022). Magnetization and oxidation of irrigation water to improve winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production and water-use efficiency. Agricultural Water Management, 259, 107254.
Zoqi M. J., & Doosti M. R. (2020). Study of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Plants Irrigated with Well Water and Wastewater from Birjand Wastewater Plant. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 7(2), 135-151. (In Persian)