ازتوباکتر به‌عنوان یک کود زیستی محرک رشد گیاه برنج (Oryza sativa L.)

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

2 موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

چکیده

امروزه مصرف کودهای شیمیایی در جهت افزایش میزان تولید در واحد سطح محصولات کشاورزی مشکلات زیست­محیطی بسیاری ایجاد کرده است. علاوه بر این، تنش‌های محیطی از مهم‌ترین عوامل کاهش­دهنده عملکرد و تولید گیاهان زراعی به شمار میرود. با توجه به اهمیت گیاه برنج در تامین امنیت غذایی در سطح ملی و جهانی و افزایش قیمت کودهای شیمیایی، یافتن مسیرهای دوست­دار محیط­زیست و در راستای کشاورزی پایدار امری ضروری است. استفاده از کودهای زیستی شایسته­ترین راه در جهت کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و بهبود مقاومت گیاه در مزارع برنج است. ازتوباکترها بیش از یک قرن است که به عنوان کود زیستی استفاده می­شوند و به خوبی در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی و مزرعه­ای مطالعه شده است. ازتوباکترها همچنین به عنوان باکتری­های تثبیت کننده نیتروژن در ریزوسفر و ریشه­های ( بصورت اندوفیت) گیاه برنج گزارش شدند. در این مطالعه، تاثیر کود زیستی ازتوباکتر به­عنوان یک باکتری محرک رشد گیاه بر روی گیاه برنج و مولفه­های عامل این اثر مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته­ها نشان داد این باکتری علاوه بر تثبیت نیتروژن، با انحلال فسفات­های نامحلول، تولید هورمون­های گیاهی مثل ایندول استیک اسید، هیدروژن سیانید، و سیدروفور موجب افزایش شاخص­های رشد گیاه، جذب عناصر غذایی و عملکرد دانه گیاه برنج می­گردد. همچنین استفاده از زادمایه ازتوباکتر در شالیزارها منجر به افزایش مقاومت گیاه برنج به تنش­های زیستی و غیر زیستی می­شود. با توجه به تاثیر مثبت استفاده از زادمایه باکتری ازتوباکتر به­عنوان یک کود زیستی بر رشد گیاه برنج و تاثیر این باکتری بر کاهش میزان مصرف کودهای نیتروژنه و بهبود مقاومت گیاه برنج به تنش­های زیستی و غیر زیستی، تهیه کودهای زیستی حاوی باکتری­های ازتوباکتر بومی و کاربرد آن در مزارع برنج توصیه می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Azotobacter as a Rice Plant (Oryza sativa L.) Growth Promoting Biofertilizer

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Ali Alikhani 1
  • Shayan Shariati 1
  • Hassan Etesami 1
  • Alireza Fallah Nosrat Abad 2
1 Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2 Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Reaserch, Education and Extention Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Today, the use of chemical fertilizers to increase agricultural production has created many environmental problems. In addition, environmental stresses are one of the most important factors reducing crop yield and production. Given the importance of rice plants in ensuring food security nationally and globally and increasing the price of chemical fertilizers, it is necessary to find eco-friendly routes for sustainable agriculture. The use of biofertilizers is the most worthy way to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and improve plant resistance in rice fields. Azotobacter has been used as a biofertilizer for over a century and has been well studied on a laboratory and field scale. Azotobacter have also been reported as nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere and roots (endophytically) of rice. In this study, the effect of Azotobacter biofertilizer as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, on rice and the mechanisms of this effect were investigated. The results showed that this bacterium produces phytohormones and stimulants of plant growth and fix atmospheric nitrogen in the rhizosphere and as an endophyte in rice. In addition to nitrogen fixation, this bacterium increases plant growth indices, nutrient uptake, and grain yield of rice by dissolving insoluble phosphates, producing indole acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide, siderophore. Also, the use of Azotobacter inoculant in acute salinity conditions increased the concentration of proline, malondialdehyde, ACC-deaminase enzyme, and some hormones in the plant, which increased the resistance of rice to this stress. Considering the positive effect of using Azotobacter inoculant as a biofertilizer on rice plants and the effect of this bacterium on reducing the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers, preparation of biofertilizers containing native bacteria of Azotobacter and their application in rice fields is recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Azotobacter
  • Biofertilizer
  • Biotic and abiotic stress
  • Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria
  • Rice
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