عوامل و فرایندهای تشکیل خاک در اقلیم‌های مختلف ایران (مروری بر تحقیقات دو دهه اخیر گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشگاه تهران)

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسنده

گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری، دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

شناخت دقیق خاک‌ها و رده­بندی آنها در اعمال مدیریت­های مختلف نقش تعیین‌کننده دارد. هدف از این مطالعه تجمیع بخشی از نتایج حاصل از مطالعات در قالب پایان­نامه­ها و رساله­های انجام شده و مقاله­های مستخرج از آنها در مورد عوامل و فرایندهای خاک­سازی در اقلیم­های مختلف ایران است که در طی دو دهه اخیر در اقلیم­های مختلف کشور در گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشگاه تهران انجام شده است. تنوع عوامل خاک­سازی اعم از اقلیم، مواد مادری، توپوگرافی، پوشش گیاهی و زمان تشکیل و فرایندهایی که منجر به ظهور و بروز خصوصیات و عوارض شناسایی مختلف شده است، موردمطالعه و کلاس­های رده­بندی خاک‌ها بر اساس سامانه رده­بندی خاک آمریکایی تا سطح گروه بزرگ تعیین شده است (اطلاعات تمامی خاک‌ها تا سطح فامیلی خاک در منابع ارجاع شده آمده است). صفات مورفولوژیکی غالب در خاک‌رخ­های موردمطالعه در هر منطقه مطالعاتی اعم از محدودیت­ها و مزایای موجود تعیین شده­اند. علاوه بر کلاس­های خاک، خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی، میکرو مورفولوژیکی، فیزیکی، شیمیایی، کانی­شناسی رس، میزان ذخیره کربن آلی و کربن غیرآلی، ژئوشیمی خاک‌های تشکیل شده با جزئیات لازم تشریح شده­اند. از میان 12 رده خاک در سامانه رده­بندی آمریکایی حداقل 7 رده، و از میان 32 گروه مرجع سامانه رده­بندی WRB حداقل 16 گروه مرجع در مناطق مطالعه شده وجود دارند. نتایج میکرو مورفولوژی تأثیرگذاری رسوبات بادی را بر خاک‌های تشکیل شده بر روی بازالت اثبات نمود. ایلایت و کلرایت در کانی­شناسی رس بسیاری از خاک‌های مناطق موردمطالعه نشان‌دهنده جوان بودن خاک‌های موردمطالعه است. در خاک‌هایی که قدری تحول بیشتری پیدا کرده­اند (مانند ورتی­سول­ها و اریدی­سول­ها) اسمکتایت دیده شد. تشکیل آلوفان­ها از مواد آذرآواری نیز حاکی از غالبیت آلومینیوم بر سیلیسیم در مراحل اولیه هوادیدگی آنها است. تقریباً همه فرایندهای خاک­سازی در این مطالعه مورد بررسی و بحث قرار گرفتند و از بعد آموزشی و پژوهشی دیدگاه روشنی از خاک‌های کشور نشان داده شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Factors and Processes of Soil Formation in Different Climates of Iran (A Review of Research in the Last Two Decades in the Soil Science Department of University of Tehran)

نویسنده [English]

  • Ahmad Heidari
Soil Science department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

Accurate knowledge of soils and their classification plays a decisive role in the application of various management systems. The purpose of this study is to summarize some of the results of studies in the form of dissertations and articles extracted from them on the factors and processes of soil formation in different climates of Iran during the two last decades performed in different climates of the country in the Department of Soil Science and Engineering, University of Tehran. Variety of soil-forming factors including climate, parent materials, topography, vegetation, and time have led to the emergence of various characteristics and classes based on the Soil Taxonomy system. The predominant morphological traits in the studied soils in each study area, including the existing limitations and advantages, have been determined. In addition to soil classes, morphological, micromorphological, physical, chemical, clay mineralogy, organic and inorganic carbon storage, and geochemistry of formed soils are described in detail. Of the 12 soil categories in the American Classification System, at least 7 categories, and of the 32 reference groups of the WRB System, there are at least 16 reference groups in the study areas. The micromorphological results proved the effect of aeolian sediments on the soils formed on the basalt. Illite and chlorite in the clay mineralogy of many soils of the studied areas indicate that the studied soils are young. Smectite was found in slightly more developed soils (Vertisols and Aridisols). The formation of allophanes from pyroclastic materials is also a proof of the predominance of aluminum over silicon in the early stages of their aeration. Almost all soil-forming processes in this research were studied and discussed, and from an educational and research point of view, a clear view of the country's soils was shown.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Clay Mineralogy
  • Soil Micromorphology
  • Geochemical Indices
  • Soil Organic Carbon
  • Soil Inorganic Carbon
Abbasi Gharaei, E. (2011). Investigation on soils developed on glacial deposites in central Alborz zone (Iran), MSc. Thesis. University of Tehran.
Ajami, M. (2016). Estimation of soil organic carbon storage and evaluating the spatial variability of wheat production as affected by environmental factors in loess lands of Toshan watershed, Gorgan, PhD. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Ajami, M., Heidari, A., Khormali, F., Gorji, M. and Ayoubi, Sh. (2016). Environmental factors controlling soil organic carbon storage in loess soils of a subhumid region, northern Iran. Geoderma 281:1–10.
Asadi Alasvand P., and Heidari, A. (2015). Genesis and classification of petroleum polluted Technosols in south of Tehran. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 74: 125-138.
Asadi Alasvand, P. (2014). Comparison the physico-chemical and micromorphlogical and clay mineralogical properties of some polluted and non-polluted soils with petroleum compounds, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
ASTM. 2000a. Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils (D 4318-98). In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.08, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 546–558.
Bakhshi Khoramdare, A. (2017). Assessing the possibility of using micromorphological and pedological characteristics for estimation of soil hydraulic properties, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Bakhshi, A., Heidari, A. and Mohammadi, M.H. (2018). Quantifying soil pores geometric properties using fluorescent dye method. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Researches. 49(1): 195-206.
Buol, S. W., R. J. Southard, R. C. Graham, and P. A. Mc-Daniel. (2011). Soil Genesis and Classification. 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, New York, 560 p.
Dezvareh, N. (2007). Preparation of land use database of Karaj city using remote sensing. MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Dolati, P. (2016). Physiographic structure of Alborz province and its relationship with geopedologic properties, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Ebrahimi, R. (2021). Digital mapping of soil subgroup classes using random forest model in order to provide a framework for their management, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Ghaffari, A., Ghasemi, V.R., De Pauw E. (2015). Agro-Climatically Zoning of Iran by UNESCO approach. Iranian Journal of Dryland Agriculture. 4(1): 63-74.
Gregorich, E.G., Beare, M.H., McKim, U.F., and Skjemstad, J.O. 2006. Chemical and biological characteristics of physically uncomplexed organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70: 975–985.
Haghi Ardehaee, Sh. (2017). Aassessment of soil organic carbon, total and activate carbonates and their relations with availability of some nutrients (Case of Study at Pardis Botanical Garden), MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Hamzehee, S. (2013). Capability of tuff and its soils drives in carbon stabilization, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Hateffard, F. (2017). Assessing different soil data processing methods for soil mapping in Alborz Province, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Hateffard, F., Dolati, P., Heidari, A. and Zolfaghari A.A. (2019). Assessing the performance of decision tree and neural network models in mapping soil properties. Journal of Mountain Science 16(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5409-8.
Hateffard, F., Mohammed, S., Alsafadi, K., Enaruvbe, G.O., Heidari, A., Ghassan Abdo, H., and Rodrigo‑Comino, J. (2021). CMIP5 climate projections and RUSLE‑based soil erosion assessment in the central part of Iran. Scientific Reports 11:7273 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86618-z.
Heidari, A. (1995). Genesis and classification of gypsiferous soils of southwest of Guilan e Gharb, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Heidari, A. (2003). Genesis, classification, and characterization of Vertisols in different climates of Iran. PhD. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Heidari, A., and Asadi P. (2015). Micromorphological Characteristics of Polluted Soils in Tehran Petroleum Refinery. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Technology. 17: 1041-1055.
Heidari, A., Faghih, A., and Gorji M. (2010). Carbon sequestration under different physiographic and climatic conditions in north Karaj river basin. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. 1 – 6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. Published on DVD.
Heidari, A., Mahmoudi Sh., Stoops G., and Mees F. (2004). Micromorphological characteristics of Vertisols of Iran, Including nonsmectitic soils. Arid Land Research and Management. 19: (1): 29-46.
Jenny, H. (1941). Factors of Soil Formation. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Karimzade, B. (2019). Basaltic & Tuff rocks weathering and relationship with soil organic and inorganic carbon storage, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Mahmoodi, Sh., and Heidari, A. (1998), Classification and Physicochemical Properties of Gypsiferous Soils in Southwest Gilanegharb Area. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29: 299-308.
Mogheiseh, E., and Heidari, A. (2012). Polygenetic saline gypsiferous soils of the bam region southeast Iran." Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 12 (4): 729-741.
Moghiseh, E. (2012). Evaluation of the effects of forest use change on the dynamics and isotopic changes of carbon in the soil. PhD. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Moghiseh, E., Ghannadi Maragheh, M. and Heidari, A. (2013a). Impacts of land use on variations of soil 14C-age and determination of organic matter quality by FTIR spectrometry. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology. 64: 19-27.
Moghiseh, E., Heidari, A. and Ghannadi Maragheh, M. (2013b). Impacts of deforestation and reforestation on soil organic carbon storage and CO2 emission. Soil Environment. 32(1): 01-13.
Moghiseh, E., Heidari, A., Ghannadi Maragheh, M., Towfighi, H., Sarmadian, F. and Karimian Eghbal, M. (2012). Effects of forest land use change on physicochemical properties, organic carbon storage and soil respiration In Kelardasht region. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Reasearches. 43(1): 37-46.
Mohebbi Sadegh, M.J. (2012). Redox concentrations and their roles in distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in soil, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Mohebbi Sadegh, M.J. (2017). Some Phosphorus forms variability affected by different land use (Case study: Kelardasht), PhD. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Mohebbi Sadegh, M.J., Heidari, A., and Sarmadian F. (2012a). The role of pedogenic processes and soil characteristics on nickel distribution in some Oxiaquic Paleudalfs. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 3(5): 1032-1039.
Mohebbi Sadegh, M.J., Heidari, A., Sarmadian F. and Savaghebi, Gh. (2012b). Investigation of Cobalt (Co) distribution in some Alfisols containing iron and manganese concentrations. Journal of Water and Soil. 26(5):1171-1180
Mohebbi Sadegh, M.J., Heidari, A., Sarmadian F. and Savaghebi, Gh. (2013). Investigation the ability of iron and manganese concentrations in soil cobalt, copper and lead accumulation. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Reasearches. 44(3): 289-297.
Mohebbi Sadegh, M.J., Heidari, A., Sarmadian F. Savaghebi, Gh. and Raheb, A. (2012c). Different forms of iron and manganese and their distribution in concentrations of some profiles of Alfisoles affected by redox conditions. Iranian Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences). 26(1): 43-53.
Mohebbi, M.J., and Heidari, A. (2017). Distribution of Phosphorus forms in the Kelardasht Forest Soils. Iranian Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences). 31(2): 231-246.
Mohseni, P. (2018). Applicability of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to study of soil quality in farm scale, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Mohtasham, S.F. (2013). The role of mineralogical properties of nano- clays on the phosphate retention of Andisols, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Monajjem, M.A. (2013). An investigation the role of nanoclays on some soil physic- chemical properties, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Monajjem, M.A., Haidari A. and Bagheri Marandi. Gh. (2016a). Investigation of Phosphate Retention in some Allophanic and Non-Allophanic Nano-Clays from Karaj Formation. Journal of Water and Soil. 30(4): 1256-1269.
Monajjem, M.A., Haidari A. and Bagheri Marandi. Gh. (2016b). Comparison the ability of nano-clays and clays separated from different soils in retention of some heavy metals.  Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, Vol. 23(3): 189-205.
Moradi, Z and Heidari, A. (2011). Micromorphological and mineralogical properties of carbonates in some Aridisols and Inceptisols. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Researches. 42(2): 279-289.
Moradi, Z. (2010). Investigation on active carbonates in calcareous soils and their effect on physical, chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological properties. MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Nabiollahi, K. (2012). The investigation of effect of geoforms’ characterics on soil arsenic spatial variability in Bijar, Kordistan province, PhD. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Nabiollahi, K., Haidari, A., Tomanian, N., and Savaghebi. Gh. (2013). Relationship of soil characteristics in different geomorphic surfaces with spatial variability of soil arsenic (Case study: Bijar, Kurdistan Province). Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 3(2): 1-27.
Noori Shahrabadi, M. (2010). Fractionation of Carbon in saline and sodic soils of Eshtehard. MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Osat, M., (2010). Changes in soil carbon content due to land use change in central area of Karaj County. MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Osat, M., and Heidari, A. (2019). Spatial Variations of Organic and Inorganic Carbon Stocks in Some Forest and Rangeland Soils of Northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Research. 50 (7): 1651-1666.
Osat, M., Heidari, A., and Sarmadian, F. (2011a). Investigation of changes in size and chemical fractions of soil organic matter (Case study of the central part of Karaj). Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Research. 42 (2): 191-198.
Osat, M., Heidari, A., and Sarmadian, F. (2011b). Investigation of the effect of land use change on soil organic carbon dynamics in the central part of Karaj. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Research. 42 (2): 209-217.
Osat, M., Heidari, A., Karimian Eghbal, M. and Mahmoodi, Sh. (2016a). Impacts of topographic attributes on Soil Taxonomic Classes and weathering indices in a hilly landscape in Northern Iran. Geoderma 281: 90–101.
Osat, M., Heidari, A., Karimian Eghbal, M., and Mahmoodi, Sh. (2016b). Spatial variability of soil development indices and their compatibility with soil taxonomic classes in a hilly landscape: a case study at Bandar village, Northern Iran. Journal of Mountain Science 13(10): 1746-1759.
Osat, M. (2016). Spatial variability of soil development indices in soil map units: a case study in central Alborz, PhD. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Raheb, A. (2012). Investigation of morphological, physico-chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological properties of paddy and non paddy soils in the north of Iran. MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Raheb, A. (2017). The effects of bioclimatological factors on soil organic and inorganic carbon contents in basaltic geological formations, PhD. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Raheb, A., Heidari A. and Karimzadeh, B. (2017). Micromorphological evidences of basalt and volcanic glass weathering in Ssemi-arid soils of middle Alborz. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Research. 52(2): 379-394.
Raheb, A., Heidari A. and Mahmoodi Sh. (2017). Organic and inorganic carbon storage in soils along an arid to dry sub-humid climosequence in northwest of Iran. Catena. 153: 66–74.
Raheb, A., and Heidari, A. (2011). Clay mineralogy and its relationship with potassium forms in some paddy and non-paddy soils of northern Iran. Australian Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 2(6): 2(6):169-175.
Raheb, A. and Heidari, A. (2012a). Investigating the soil properties affected by land use change of paddy rice to kiwi plantation in some soils of tonekabon county, northern Iran. Electronic JournaL of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 2(2):1-25.
Raheb, A. and Heidari, A. (2012b). An investigation of oxidoreduction condition and some electrochemical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of paddy and nonpaddy soils. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Research. 43(1): 47-54.
Saberi Moghadam, E. (2012). Spatial variability of soil characteristics developed on Karaj green tuff. MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Saeidi, A. (2017). Soil classification, clay mineralogy and its relation with available phosphorus (Case study of Botanic garden and model park of the university College of Agricultural and Natural Resources), MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Samieifard, R., Heidari, A., Konyushkova, M. and Mahmoodi, Sh. (2021). Application of particle size distribution throughout the soil profile as a criterion for recognition of newly developed geoforms in the Southeastern Caspian coast. Catena 203:105362.
Sartipi, S. (2013). Laboratory investigation of soil organic carbon turnover effects on the properties of some arid and semiarid soils, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Shiravi Khoozani, E. (2016), Investigation soil organic matter changes using micromorphological methods, MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran.
Soil Survey Staff, (2014). Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th ed. USDA -Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
Sparks, D.L. (1996). Methods of soil analysis. Part 3-Chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America Inc.
USDA (1996). Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 7th edition. USDA.NRCS.
Zinck, J.A., Metternicht, G., Bocco, G. and Francisco Del Valle, H. (2016). Geopedology – An Integration of Geomorphology and Pedology for Soil and Landscape Studies. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland.