واکاوی تاریخچه فعالیت دانشگاه‌ها، مراکز تحقیقاتی و سازمان‌های اجرایی مرتبط با فرسایش و حفاظت خاک در ایران

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسنده

گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

 فرسایش خاک و رسوب‌دهی حوزه­های آبخیز گسترده­ترین عوامل تخریب خاک، اراضی و محیط­زیست در ایران هستند. وضعیت بسیار شکننده زیست­بوم، در کنار شرایط اقلیمی خشک و نیمه­خشک در بخش وسیعی از کشور، به همراه وضعیت توپوگرافی و مدیریت نامناسب سرزمین، موجب وقوع انواع فرسایش خاک در گستره وسیعی از کشور ایران شده است. در این مقاله ضمن مرور براوردهای موجود از میزان فرسایش خاک و رسوب‌دهی، فرسایش آبکندی (خندقی)، فرسایش بادی و دیگر اشکال فرسایش، تاریخچه فعالیت­های آموزشی، اجرایی و پژوهشی در زمینه فرسایش و حفاظت خاک در کشور مورد واکاوی قرار گرفت. همچنین، شماری از قوانین و اسناد ملی مرور شده، و ضمن معرفی برخی کمیته­های ملی، مهم­ترین دستاوردهای آنها ارائه شده است. فعالیت­های آموزشی، اجرایی و پژوهشی در زمینه حفاظت خاک در کشور از اواسط دهه 1330 خورشیدی در ایران آغاز گردید. تحصیلات تکمیلی، انتشارات علمی، مجلات و همایش­ها در یکی دو دهه گذشته توسعه کمی زیادی داشته­اند، اما وضعیتی کیفی آن­ها و تطابق با نیازهای جامعه رضایت­بخش نیست. مراکز تحقیقاتی مرتبط علی‌رغم تلاش برای پاسخگویی به نیازهای کشور با مشکلات و چالش­هایی درگیر بوده و یافته‌های پژوهشی آنها نیز چندان اجرایی نمی­شود. بخش اجرایی نیز باتوجه‌به گستردگی کشور، و شدت و تنوع تخریب­ها از یک سو، و کمبود بودجه و نیروی فنی کارآمد در برخی نقاط کشور، و تکیه بیش از حد به روش‌های سازه­ای از سوی دیگر، نتوانسته است روند فزاینده تخریب­ها را کنترل کند. به نظر ساختار، روابط و تناسبات سامانه حفاظت و مدیریت خاک در کشور به دلایل متعدد درونی و بیرونی دچار اختلال و ناکارآمدی شده است. راه برون‌رفت از وضعیت ناپایدار فعلی، ایجاد ساختاری است که در آن نیازها، قوانین و سیاست­های حفاظت و مدیریت خاک در تعامل چندسویه آموزش، تحقیقات و اجرا و با محور قراردادن و مشارکت بهره­برداران شکل بگیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

A Critical Report on Several Decades’ Activities in the Universities, Research Institutes and Executive Organizations in the Field of Soil Erosion and Conservation in Iran

نویسنده [English]

  • Hossein Asadi
Soil Science Departments, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Soil erosion and sediment yield are the most widespread causes of soil, land and environmental degradation in Iran. All soil erosion types are occurring widely across Iran territory due to high susceptibility of soils, poor vegetation, arid and semi-arid climate, severe topography and mismanagement of land, soil and vegetation. In this paper, while reviewing the current estimates of water, wind, gully and other forms of soil erosion, and sediment yield; the history of educational, executive and research activities in this field in the country are critically reviewed. Also, some of the laws and legal documents have been reviewed, and while several national committees are introduced, their important achievements are presented. Educational, executive and research activities in the field of soil conservation began in the late-1950s in Iran. Postgraduate education, scientific publications, journals and conferences have quantitatively developed very fast during the last two decades, but their quality and adaptation to the country needs are questionable. While trying to respond the country's needs, the research sectors in the field also face problems and challenges, espacially their research findings are not implemented. The executive sector has not been able to overcome the increasing trend of soil degradation due to the country size, the severity and diversity of degradation, the lack of enough budget and experienced technical experts across the country, and excessive reliance on structural methods of soil conservation. It seems that the whole organization, relations and interactions of the sectors of soil conservation and management system in the country are disrupted and inefficient due to various internal and external factors. To overcome the current unstable situation, an intellectual governance is needed in which the needs, laws and policies of soil conservation and management are formed by participation of stakeholders and in a multifaceted interaction of education, research and executive sectors.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conferences
  • Documents and rules
  • Postgraduate courses
  • Sediment yield
  • Soil degradation
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