ارزیابی کیفیت آب رودخانه کارون بر پایه شاخص‌های IRWQI و WAWQI در دو ایستگاه ملاثانی و اهواز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه مراغه، مراغه، ایران

چکیده

آلودگی رودخانه‌ها با انواع فاضلاب‌های شهری، صنعتی و پساب‌های کشاورزی تهدیدی جدی برای سلامت انسان و اکوسیستم‌های آبی به شمار می‌رود؛ بنابراین ارزیابی کیفیت آب‌های سطحی یکی از شاخص‌های اصلی مدیریت پایدار منابع است. تحقیق حاضر به‌منظور بررسی کیفیت آب رودخانه کارون (در ایستگاه‌های ملاثانی و اهواز) در طول سال 1397 با استفاده از دو شاخص IRWQI و WAWQI صورت گرفت. همچنین انواع پارامترهای فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی آب مورد بررسی‌های آماری قرار گرفتند. بررسی مقدار هر دو شاخص نشان می‌دهد که وضعیت رودخانه به سمت پایین‌دست به دلیل ورود فاضلاب‌های صنعتی به‌ویژه واحدهای کشت و صنعت، کارخانه‌های نیشکر و نیروگاه‌های حرارتی حاشیه رودخانه افت می‌کند. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر آن هستند که کیفیت آب رودخانه بر اساس شاخص WAWQI در ایستگاه ملاثانی و اهواز به ترتیب در رده کیفی ضعیف و خیلی ضعیف و بر اساس شاخص IRWQI در رده کیفی به نسبت بد قرار می‌گیرد. میزان شاخص WAWQI در بدترین و بهترین وضعیت مربوط به ماه اردیبهشت ایستگاه اهواز (89/85) و ماه تیر ایستگاه ملاثانی (04/49) می‌باشد. همچنین میزان شاخص IRWQI در پایین‌ترین و بالاترین سطح کیفی مربوط به ماه آذر ایستگاه اهواز (75/32) و ماه تیر ایستگاه ملاثانی (51/42) می‌باشد؛ بنابراین با استناد به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از شاخص‌های کیفی می‌توان گفت شاخص WAWQI در رده‌بندی کیفی آب کمی محافظه‌کارانه‌تر از شاخص IRWQI عمل می‌کند. همچنین به دلیل مقادیر بالای پارامترهای کلیفرم مدفوعی، TDS و کدورت در هر دو ایستگاه، آب رودخانه برای هیچ‌یک از کاربری‌های شرب، کشاورزی و حفظ اکوسیستم آبی مناسب نمی‌باشند. تجزیه‌وتحلیل‌های آماری نشان می‌دهد مجموع آنیون‌ها و کاتیون‌ها با 46/0 درصد و کلیفرم مدفوعی با 14/24 درصد به ترتیب کمترین و بیشترین سهم در میزان WAWQI دارند. این پژوهش مبین آن است TDS آب رودخانه همبستگی قوی با Na و Cl نشان می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Karun River Water Quality Based on IRWQI and WAWQI Indicators in Molasani and Ahvaz Stations

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kameleh Aghajanloo
  • Ehsan Hajizadeh
  • Sahar Ariaeezadeh
civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
چکیده [English]

Rriver pollution due to various urban and industrial wastewater and agricultural effluents is a serious threat to human health and aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, surface water quality assessment is one of the main indicators of sustainable resource management. The present study was conducted to evaluate the water quality of Karun River (in Molasani and Ahvaz Stations) during 1397 using two indicators, IRWQI and WAWQI. Also, various physical, chemical and biological parameters of water were statistically analyzed. An examination of both indicators' value shows that the river situation in downstream is declining due to the entry of industrial wastewater, especially agro-industrial units, sugarcane factories and thermal power plants along the river. The results show that the river water quality according to WAWQI index in Malasani and Ahvaz stations is in poor and very poor category and according to IRWQI index is relatively poor. The WAWQI index related to Ahvaz station in May (85.89) and Mollasani in July (49.04) is in the worst and best condition. Also, IRWQI index in the lowest and highest quality level is related to Ahvaz station in December (32.75) and Malasani station in July (42.51). Therefore, based on the results obtained from quality indicators, it can be concluded that the WAWQI index is slightly more conservative in classifying water quality than the IRWQI index. Also, due to the high values ​​of fecal coliform parameters, TDS and turbidity in both stations, water is not suitable for any of the drinking, agricultural and aquatic ecosystem uses. The statistical analysis the sum of anions and cations with 0.46% and fecal coliform with 24.14% have the lowest and highest portion in WAWQI, respectively. This study shows that TDS in river shows a strong correlation with sodium and chlorine.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • River
  • IRWQI Index
  • WAWQI index
  • Correlation analysis
Aghaee, M., Heshmatpoor, A., Mahmoodlu, M. and Seyedian, M. (2020). Investigation of Water Quality of Chehelchay River Using IRWQIsc Index. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22(5), 153-166. (In Farsi)
Akhtar, N., Ishak, M.I.S., Ahmad, M.I., Umar, K., Md Yusuff, M.S., Anees, M.T., Qadir, A. and Ali Almanasir, Y.K. (2021). Modification of the Water Quality Index (WQI) Process for Simple Calculation Using the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Method: A Review. Water, 13(905).
Alcamo, J. (2019). Water quality and its interlinkages with the Sustainable Development Goals. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 36, 126-140.
Ayers, R.S. and D.W. Westcot. 1985. Water quality for agriculture, 29. Rome: FAO.
Barakat, A. El Baghdadia, M., Raisa, J., Aghezzaf, B. and Slassib, M. (2016). Assessment of Spatial and Seasonal Water Quality Variation of Oum Er Rbia River (Morocco) using Multivariate Statistical Techniques. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 4, 284-292.
Bellos, D. and Sawidis, T. (2005). Chemical Pollution Monitoring of the River Pinios (Thessalia—Greece). Journal of Environmental Management,76, 282–292.
Bouslah, S., Djemili, L. and Houichi, L. (2017). Water Quality Index Assessment of Koudiat Medouar Reservoir, Northeast Algeria using Weighted Arithmetic Index Method. Journal of Water and Land Development, 35 (X–XII), 221–228.
Briciu, A.-E., Mihaila, D., Graur, A., Oprea, D.I., Prisacariu, A., Bistricean, P.I. (2020). Changes in the water temperature of rivers impacted by the urban heat island: Case study of Suceava city. Water, 12, 1343.
Brown, R.M., McCleiland, N.J., Deininger, R.A. and O’Connor, M.F. (1972). A Water Quality Index-Crossing the Psychological Barrier. Jenkis, S.H. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Water Pollution Research, Jerusalem, 6: 187-197.
Canadian Council of Minister of the Environment (CCME). 2001. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: CCME Water Quality Index 1.0, Technical report, Winnipeg MB, Canada.
Chandra, D.S. and Asadi, S. (2017). Estimation of Water Quality Index by Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method: a Model Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4),1215-1222.
Dong, J.D., Zhang, Y.Y., Zhang, S., Wang, Y.S., Yang, Z.H. and Wu M.L. (2010), Identification of Temporal and Spatial Iations of Water Quality in Sanya Bay, China by Three-Way Principal Component Analysis. Environmental Earth Sciences, 60. 1673– 1682.
El-Amier, Y.A., Kotb, W.K., Bonanomi G., Fakhry, H. Marraiki, N.A. and Abd-ElGawad, A.M. (2021). Hydrochemical Assessment of the Irrigation Water Quality of the El-Salam Canal, Egypt, Water, 13(17), 2428.
Eliku, T. and Leta, S. (2018). Spatial and Seasonal Variation in Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals in Awash River, Ethiopia. Applied Water Science, 8,177.
Fakouri, B., Mazaheri, M. and Mohammad Vali Samani, J. (2018). Evaluation of Karun River Water Salinity Reduction Strategies Using Management Scenarios, Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering, 50(2), 245-256. (In Farsi)
Gholizadeh, M. and Heydari, O. (2020). Evaluation of Gorganrood river water quality based on surface water quality indicators in Gonbad Kavous., Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 13(1), 33-48. (In Farsi)
Hashemi, S.H., Farzampour, T., Ramezani, S. and Khoshro, Gh. (2011). Guideline for calculating the quality index of Iran's water resources. Iranian Department of Environment.
Horton, R.K. (1965). An Index Number System for Rating Water Quality. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 37, 300–306.
Iranian water quality standard (2016), Environmental Protection Organization.
Iyasele, J. U., David, J. and Idiata, D. J. (2015). Investigation of the Relationship between Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids for Mono-Valent, Di-Valent and TriValent Metal Compounds, International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews, 3(1), 40-48.
Kannel, P.R., Lee, S., Lee, Y.S., Kanel, S.R. and Khan, S.P. (2007). Application of Water Quality Indices and Dissolved Oxygen as Indicators for River Water Classification and Urban Impact Assessment, Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 132, 93–110.
Khalifa, S. and Khoshnazar, A. (2018). Evaluation of Water Quality in Zarrineh-rood River Using the Standard Quality Index of Iran's Surface Water Resources. Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering, 3(1), 22-34. (In Farsi)
Khalili R., Parvinnia M. and Zali A. (2020). Water quality assessment of Garmarood River using the national sanitation foundation water quality index (NSFWQI), river pollution index (RPI) and weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI). Environmental Water Engineering, 6(3), 274–284. (In Farsi)
Khosravi Fard, A., Vahabzadeh, G. and Gholami, L. (2016). The Study and Classification of Water Quality of Ghorbaghestan and Doab Merk Stations in Gharasoo River Basin. Iranian Journal of Research in Environmental Health.Winter, 2 (4), 299-310. (In Farsi)
Mohaghegh, A., Valikhan Anaraki, M. and Farzin, S. (2020). Modeling of qualitative parameters (Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids) of Karun river at Mollasani, Ahvaz and Farsiat stations using data mining methods. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2020,13(1):103-22.
More, G.B., Dandge, K.P. and Thorat, S.R. (2019). Spatial Distribution Analysis of Surface Water Quality Index Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Erandol (Maharashtra, India). International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. pp. 3030-3046, July 2019. ISSN 2320-0243.
Naderi, M.H., Pourgholam-Amiji, M., Khoshravesh, M., Ghojoghi, A. and Arab, N. (2020). Evaluation of Spatial-Temporal Comparisons of Water Quality Parameters and Health of Ziarat River using NSFWQI Quality Index and Statistical Analysis, Soil and Water Research 51(6), 1353-1372. (In Farsi)
Namdari, H. and Hooshmandzadeh, M. (2019). Trend and statistical analysis water quality of Karun River in Mollasani hydro station. Wetland Ecobiology., 11 (1), 5-22. (In Farsi)
Nguyen, T.H., Helm, B., Hettiarachchi, H., Caucci, S. and Krebs, P. (2019). The Selection of Design Methods for River Water Quality Monitoring Networks: a Review. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(3), 96.
Ortiz-Vera, M.P., Olchanheski, L.R., da Silva, E.G., Lima, F.R., Martinez, L.R., Sato, M.I. and Jaffé, R. (2018). Influence of water quality on diversity and composition of fungal communities in a tropical river. Scientific Reports, 8, 14799.
Rosen, M.A., Bulucea, C.A., Mastorakis, N.A., Bulucea, C.A, Jeles, C.A. and Brindusa, C.C. (2015). Evaluating the Thermal Pollution Caused by Wastewaters Discharged from a Chain of Coal-Fired Power Plants along a River. Sustainability, 7(5), 5920-5943.
Sadeghi, M., Bay, A., Bay, N., Soflaei, N., Mehdinejad, M.H. and Mallah, K. (2015). The survey of Zarin-Gol River water quality in Golestan Province using NSF-WQI and IRWQISC. Journal of Health in the Field, 3 (3), 27-33. (In Farsi)
Samadi, J. (2016). Survey of Spatial-Temporal Impact of Quantitative and Qualitative of Land Use Wastewaters on Choghakhor Wetland Pollution Using IRWQI Index and Statistical Methods. Iran-Water Resources Research, 11(3), 159-171. (In Farsi)
Shaibur, M.R., Parvin, S., Ahmmed, I., Rahaman, H.,  KumarDas, T. and Sarwar, S., (2021), Gradients of salinity in water sources of Batiaghata, Dacope and Koyra Upazila of coastal Khulna district, Bangladesh, Environmental Challenges,  4, 100152
Shokoohi, A. and Modaberi, H. (2019). Evaluating and Comparing the Sensitivity of NSFWQI and IRWQISC Models to Water Quality Parameters. Iran-Water Resources Research, 14 (5) 109-124. (In Farsi)
Shokoohi, A. and Bahmani, A. (2021). Comparative Study of NSFWQI and IRWQISC Indicators in River Quality Assessment. Journal of Water and Soil Resources Conservation, 10 (3), 97-114. (In Farsi)
Seo, M., Lee, H., Kim, T. (2019), Relationship between Coliform Bacteria and Water Quality Factors at Weir Stations in the Nakdong River, South Korea, Water, 11(6), 1171.
Sutadian, A.D., Muttil, N., Yilmaz, A.G. and Perera, B.J.C. (2016). Development of river water quality indices—a review. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 188(1), 58.
Tokatli C. (2019). Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Ergene River Basin (Turkey) by Water Quality Index: Essential and Toxic Elements. Jornal of Sains Malaysiana, 48(10), 2071–2081.
Tripaty, J.K. and Sahu, K.C. (2005). Seasonal Hydrochemistry of Groundwater in the Barrier Spit System of the Chilika Lagoon, Indian Journal of Environmental Hydrology. 13, 1–9.
Wang, G., Xu, Z. and Zhang, S. (2014). The Influence of Land Use Patterns on Water Quality at Multiple Spatial Scales in a River System. Hydrological Processes. 28 (20), 5259–5272.
WHO. (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th Edition World Health Organization.