Alef, K. and Nannipieri P. (1995). Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press, London. 608p.
Al‐Wabel, M. I., Hussain, Q., Usman, A. R., Ahmad, M., Abduljabbar, A., Sallam, A. S. and Ok, Y. S. (2018). Impact of biochar properties on soil conditions and agricultural sustainability: A review. Land Degradation and Development, 29(7), 2124-2161.
Anderson, J. P. E. (1982). Soil respiration. In: A.L. and R. H. Mille (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI.
Asirifi, I., Werner, S., Heinze, S., Saba, C. K., Lawson, I. Y. and Marschner, B. (2021). Short-term effect of biochar on microbial biomass, respiration and enzymatic activities in wastewater irrigated soils in urban agroecosystems of the West African savannah. Agronomy, 11(2), 271.
Azeem, M., Hale, L., Montgomery, J., Crowley, D. and McGiffen Jr, M. E. (2020). Biochar and compost effects on soil microbial communities and nitrogen induced respiration in turfgrass soils. Plos one, 15(11), 0242209.
Beheshti, M., Etesami, H. and Alikhani, H. A. (2018). Effect of different biochars amendment on soil biological indicators in a calcareous soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(15), 14752-14761.
Besharati, H. (2017). Effects of sulfur application and Thiobacillus inoculation on soil nutrient availability, wheat yield and plant nutrient concentration in calcareous soils with different calcium carbonate content. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 40(3), 447-456.
Brtnicky, M., Hammerschmiedt, T., Elbl, J., Kintl, A., Skulcova, L., Radziemska, M., Latal, O., Baltazar, T., Kobzova, E. and Holatko, J., (2021). The potential of biochar made from agricultural residues to increase soil fertility and microbial activity: impacts on soils with varying sand content. Agronomy, 11(6), 1174.
Cantrell, K. B., Hunt, P. G., Uchimiya, M., Novak, J. M. and Ro, K. S. (2012). Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar. Bioresource Technology, 107, 419-428.
El-Naggar, A., Lee, S. S., Rinklebe, J., Farooq, M., Song, H., Sarmah, A. K., Zimmerman, A. R., Ahmad, M., Shaheen, S. M. and Ok, Y. S. (2019). Biochar application to low fertility soils: a review of current status, and future prospects. Geoderma, 337,536-554.
Farzadkia, M., Fallah Jokandan, S., Yegane Badi, M. 2015. Compost Management in Iran: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Environmental Health Enginering, 2 (3), 211-223. (In Farsi)
Frene, J. P., Frazier, M., Liu, S., Clark, B., Parker, M. and Gardner, T. (2021). Early Effect of Pine Biochar on Peach-Tree Planting on Microbial Community Composition and Enzymatic Activity. Applied Sciences, 11(4), 1473.
Frimpong, K. A., Abban-Baidoo, E. and Marschner, B. (2021). Can combined compost and biochar application improve the quality of a highly weathered coastal savanna soil? Heliyon, 7(5), 07089.
Gogoi, L., Narzari, R., Gogoi, N., Borkotoki, B. and Kataki, R. (2020). Effect of biochar on soil respiration from a semi-evergreen, moist deciduous forest soil. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 6, 1-9.
Herbert, B.E. and Bertsch, P.M. (1995). Characterization of dissolved and colloidal organic matter in soil solution: a review. Carbon forms and functions in forest soils, 63-88.
Jenkinson, D. S. and Ladd J. N. (1981). Microbial biomass in soil measurement and turnover. P415-471, In: Paul E. A., Ladd, J. N. (Ed.). Soil Biochemistry, Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY.
Jiang, Z., Lian, F., Wang, Z. and Xing, B. (2020). The role of biochars in sustainable crop production and soil resiliency. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71(2), 520-542.
Karimi, A., Moezzi, A., Chorom, M. and Enayatizamir, N. (2019a). Chemical fractions and availability of Zn in a calcareous soil in response to biochar amendments. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 19(4), 851-864.
Karimi, A., Moezzi, A., Chorom, M. and Enayatizamir, N. (2019b). Investigation of physicochemical characteristics of biochars derived from corn residue and sugarcane bagasse in different pyrolysis temperature. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 50(3), 725-739. (In Farsi)
Karimi, A., Moezzi, A., Chorom, M., and Enayatizamir, N. (2020a). Application of biochar changed the status of nutrients and biological activity in a calcareous soil. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 20(2), 450-459.
Karimi, A., Moezzi, A., Chorom, M. and Enayatizamir, N. (2020b). Influence of sugarcane bagasse biochar on nutrient availability and biological properties of a calcareous soil. Applied Soil Research, 8(1), 1-17. (In Farsi)
Khajavi-Shojaei, S., Moezzi, A., Norouzi Masir, M., and Taghavi, M. (2020). Characteristics of conocarpus wastes and common reed biochars as a predictor of potential environmental and agronomic applications. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 1-18.
Khajavi-Shojaei, S., Moezzi, A., Norouzi Masir, M., and Taghavi, M. (2021). Evaluation of nitrate sorption potential from aqueous solution using common reed-iron modified biochar. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 51(11), 2853-2864.
Knoblauch, C., Priyadarshani, S. R., Haefele, S. M., Schröder, N. and Pfeiffer, E. M. (2021). Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany. European Journal of Soil Science. 72(4), 1885-1901.
Lehmann, J. and Joseph, S. (2015). Biochar for environmental management: science, technology and implementation. Routledge.
Leng, L., Huang, H., Li, H., Li, J. and Zhou, W. (2019). Biochar stability assessment methods: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 647, 210-222.
Liu, J., Xie, J., Chu, Y., Sun, C., Chen, C. and Wang, Q. (2008). Combined effect of cypermethrin and copper on catalase activity in soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 8(5), 327-332.
Lopes, E. M. G., Reis, M. M., Frazão, L. A., da Mata Terra, L. E., Lopes, E. F., dos Santos, M. M. and Fernandes, L. A. (2021). Biochar increases enzyme activity and total microbial quality of soil grown with sugarcane. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 21, 101270.
Manirakiza, E., Ziadi, N., Hamel, C., Lévesque, V., Antoun, H. and Karam, A. (2021). Soil microbial community dynamics after co-application of biochar and paper mill biosolids. Applied Soil Ecology, 165, 103960.
Manolikaki, I. and Diamadopoulos, E. (2019). Positive effects of biochar and biochar-compost on maize growth and nutrient availability in two agricultural soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 50(5), 512-526.
Mierzwa-Hersztek, M., Wolny-Koładka, K., Gondek, K., Gałązka, A. and Gawryjołek, K. (2020). Effect of coapplication of biochar and nutrients on microbiocenotic composition, dehydrogenase activity index and chemical properties of sandy soil. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 1-13.
Moradi, N. and Karimi, A. (2021a). Fe-Modified common reed biochar reduced cadmium (Cd) mobility and enhanced microbial activity in a contaminated calcareous soil. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21(1), 329-340.
Moradi, N. and Karimi, A. (2021b). Effect of modified corn residue biochar on chemical fractions and bioavailability of cadmium in contaminated soil. Chemistry and Ecology, 37(3), 252-267.
Nelson, D. W. and Sommers, L. E. (1996). Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. P. in D. L. Sparks et al., (eds). Methods of soil analaysis. Part III. 3rd Ed., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
Ramzani, P. M. A., Shan, L., Anjum, S., Ronggui, H., Iqbal, M., Virk, Z. A. and Kausar, S. (2017). Improved quinoa growth, physiological response, and seed nutritional quality in three soils having different stresses by the application of acidified biochar and compost. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 116, 127-138.
Rutigliano, F. A., Romano, M., Marzaioli, R., Baglivo, I., Baronti, S., Miglietta, F. and Castaldi, S. (2014). Effect of biochar addition on soil microbial community in a wheat crop. European Journal of Soil Biology, 60, 9-15.
Sahin, O., Taskin, M.B., Kaya, E.C., Atakol, O., Emir, E., Inal, A. and Gunes, A. 2017. Effect of acid modification of biochar on nutrient availability and maize growth in a calcareous soil. Soil Use and Management, 33(3), 447-456.
Shahbazi, K. and Besharati, H. (2013). Overview of agricultural soil fertility status of Iran, Land Management Journal, 1(1), 1-15. (In Farsi)
Sheng, Y. and Zhu, L. (2018). Biochar alters microbial community and carbon sequestration potential across different soil pH. Science of the Total Environment, 622, 1391-1399.
Siedt, M., Schäffer, A., Smith, K. E., Nabel, M., Roß-Nickoll, M. van Dongen, J. T. (2020). Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides. Science of the Total Environment, 751, 141607.
Singh, B., Camps-Arbestain, M. and Lehmann, J. (2017). Biochar: a guide to analytical methods. Cairo Publishing.
Song, D., Tang, J., Xi, X., Zhang, S., Liang, G., Zhou, W. and Wang, X. (2018). Responses of soil nutrients and microbial activities to additions of maize straw biochar and chemical fertilization in a calcareous soil. European Journal of Soil Biology, 84, 1-10.
Song, D., Xi, X., Zheng, Q., Liang, G., Zhou, W. and Wang, X., (2019). Soil nutrient and microbial activity responses to two years after maize straw biochar application in a calcareous soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 180, 348-356.
Vahedi, R., Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M., and Barin, M. (2019). Evaluation of the qualitative characteristics of the treated calcareous soils with compost and biochar in the presence of plant growth promoting bacteria. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 50(2), 259-272. (In Farsi)
Yu, H., Zou, W., Chen, J., Chen, H., Yu, Z., Huang, J., Tang, H., Wei, X. and Gao, B. (2019). Biochar amendment improves crop production in problem soils: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 8-21.
Zhang, Y., Wang, J. and Feng, Y. (2021). The effects of biochar addition on soil physicochemical properties: A review. Catena, 202, 105284.
)