الگوی مدیریت زیستی فرسایش خاک در حوزه‌های آبخیز (مطالعه کاربردی: گلازچای اشنویه، ‌آذربایجان‌غربی)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

چکیده

امروزه روش‌های زیستی یکی از راه‌کارهای مناسب و کارا برای مهار فرسایش خاک در مراحل ابتدایی فرسایش تلقی می‌شود. مدیریت زیستی رویکردی علمی، کاربردی و ترکیبی از مفاهیم ساختاری، زیستی و محیط‌زیستی برای مدیریت و مهار فرسایش، رواناب و رسوب است. حال آن‌که تاکنون شیوه‌نامه کاربردی و مشخصی برای تهیه و طبعاً اجرای برنامه‌های زیستی مدیریت و یا مهار فرسایش خاک در کشور وجود ندارد. ازاین‌رو، پژوهش حاضر به‌عنوان پژوهش پیشگام باهدف تبیین رویکرد مدیریت زیستی فرسایش برنامه‌ریزی شد. در این خصوص ابتدا ارزیابی وضعیت فرسایش در آبخیز برای شناسایی مناطق مستعد مدیریت زیستی مدنظر قرار گرفت. سپس منحنی‌های آمبروترمیک و هایترگراف تهیه و با لایه‌های توپوگرافی، دمایی، بارش و تبخیر و تعرق برای منطقه‌بندی و دستیابی به نقشه اقلیمی-کشاورزی ترکیب شد. در ادامه با تهیه فهرست گونه‌های بومی و غالب منطقه مطالعاتی بر اساس مطالعات جامعه‌شناسی گیاهی و وضعیت خاک‌شناسی، مدیریت زیستی فرسایش در هر رده اقلیمی-کشاورزی به‌‌عنوان آخرین مرحله موردنظر برای چارچوب تهیه‌شده پیشنهاد شد. ارزیابی عملکرد الگوی پیشنهادی از طریق کاربرد آن در حوزه آبخیز گلازچای اشنویه در ‌استان آذربایجان‌غربی صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد 24 درصد از آبخیز مطالعاتی در طبقه کم و 76 درصد دیگر در طبقه متوسط ازنظر وضعیت فرسایشی قرار دارند. بر اساس نقشه اقلیمی-کشاورزی، گونه‌های مناسب برای مدیریت زیستی فرسایش شناسایی‌ و ویژگی‌های رویشی آن‌ها استخراج شد. درنهایت از بین گونه‌های مرتعی موجود در حوزه آبخیز مطالعاتی، گونه‌های Achillea millefolium، Agropyron desertorum ، Agropyron tauri، Galium verum، Melica persica kunthوStachys inflata benthبه‌عنوان گونه‌های نهایی برای مدیریت زیستی فرسایش حداکثر در 64 درصد از سطح حوزه آبخیز گلازچای اشنویه پیشنهاد و ارائه شد. نتایج پژوهش حاضر برای تعیین وضعیت فرسایشی آبخیزهای کشور و ارائه مدیریت زیستی مناسب قابلیت استفاده دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Biologic Management Framework of Soil Erosion in the Watershed (Applied study: Oshnavieh Galazchai, West Azerbaijan, Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi
  • Atefeh Jafarpoor
  • Mostafa Zabihi Silabi
  • Shokofe Molashahi
  • Maryam Naghdi
  • Mahmood Sharifi Moghani
  • Zeinab Ghysoori
  • Elnaz Farzadfar
Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor 46417-76489, Mazandaran Province, Iran
چکیده [English]

Today, biological methods are considered as one of the effective approaches to control soil erosion at early stages. Biologic management is a scientific and applied approach to manage and control runoff and soil loss. However, there is no practical and specific algorithm for preparing and implementing biological programs for managing or controlling soil erosion in the watershed scale. Therefore, the present study was conducted as a pioneer study to develop a practical framework for the biologic management of soil erosion. In this regard, the erosion status in the watershed was initially considered to identify areas prone to bio-management. Then Ombrothermic and Hythergraph diagrams were prepared and combined with topographic, temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration data layers for zoning and obtaining an agroclimatic map. Finally, providing a list of endemic and dominant species of the study area obtained from phytosociological studies and soil characteristics, biologic management of soil erosion for each agroclimatic category was suggested as a final step for the proposed framework. The applicability of the proposed algorithm was evaluated for the Oshnavieh Galazchai Watershed in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. The results showed that 24 and 76% of the watershed are classified in low and moderate situations in soil erosion, respectively. Based on the agroclimatic map, the suitable species for biological management of soil erosion were identified, and their associated characteristics were extracted. Finally, among the rangeland species in the studied area, Achillea millefolium, Agropyron desertorum, Agropyron tauri, Galium verum, Melica persica kunth, and Stachys inflata benth were suggested for biologic management of soil erosion in almost 64% of Galazchai Watershed. Therefore, the results of the present study could be extended at the country level for the appropriate biologic management of soil erosion.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Agronomic Management
  • Soil and Water Conservation
  • Soil Conservation Development Program
  • Soil Erosion Management
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