کاربرد معیارهای PAW و IWC در مدیریت آبیاری و نقش آن بر توزیع شوری خاک و جذب آب گیاه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 فارغ التحصیل دکتری دانشگاه تبریز، دانشکده کشاورزی، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک

2 استاد، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

3 دانشیار پژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

4 استادیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران.

5 استادیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

چکیده

ابتدایی­ترین و متداول­ترین معیار فراهمی آب خاک برای گیاه "آب قابل استفاده گیاه (PAW)" است که دسترسی یکنواخت آب را بین دو حد پتانسیل ماتریک (معادل رطوبت ظرفیت مزرعه­ای تا پژمردگی دائم) فرض می‌کند و از سایر عوامل محدود کننده فراهمی آب برای گیاه صرف‌نظر می­نماید. معیارهای جدیدتر فراهمی آب مانند "ظرفیت آب انتگرالی (IWC)"، محدودیت‌های ناشی از تهویه نامناسب، زهکشی سریع، مقاومت فروروی خاک و شوری را مدنظر قرار می­دهد تا میزان آب قابل استفاده در خاک را به درستی برآورد نماید. در این پژوهش به منظور مقایسه کارایی دو معیار PAW و IWC، در یک باغ پسته تحت سامانه آبیاری قطره­ای، با اندازه­گیری ویژگی­های فیزیکی و هیدرولیکی خاک، مقدار PAW و IWC محاسبه و با استفاده از آن­ها دو مدیریت آبیاری  و  تعیین گردید که به­ترتیب دور آبیاری 8 و 12 روز و مدت آبیاری 6 و 12 ساعت به­دست آمد. پس از صحت سنجی مدل هایدروس برای شرایط باغ که دقت بالای مدلسازی را نشان داد، توزیع شوری و جذب آب گیاه برای دو مدیریت آبیاری مدلسازی شد. نتایج حاصل از مدلسازی نشان داد که در  شوری خاک به مناطق دورتری از ریشه درخت رانده شده و ناحیه با سطوح شوری پایین که نقش موثری در جذب آب دارد گسترش می­یابد. از این رو می­توان بیان کرد که  در مقایسه با  آب بیشتری در دسترس گیاه قرار می­­دهد. براساس مدل­سازی صورت گرفته در  و  به ترتیب 7/63 و 1/48 درصد از نیاز رطوبتی گیاه تامین شد. بنابراین با استفاده از معیار IWC، مدیریت آبیاری صورت گرفته می­تواند تطابق بهتری با شرایط مزرعه داشته و تنش­های کمتری متوجه گیاه شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Irrigation Management Based on PAW and IWC and Its Effect on Soil Salinity Distribution and Root Water Uptake

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Ataee 1
  • Mohammad Reza Neyshabouri 2
  • Mehdi Akbari 3
  • Aslan Egdernezhad 4
  • Safoora Asadi 5
1 PhD Graduated, Department of soil science, College of agriculture, Tabriz University, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Soil Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.
3 Associate professor of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
5 Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University Of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
چکیده [English]

Plant Available Water (PAW) is the most common criteria for Soil Available Water (SAW) to plants which assumes uniform water availability between two matric potential limits (field capacity to permanent wilting point) and ignore other limiting factors for plants. Integral Water Capacity (IWC) is one of the most recently developed criteria for SAW that consider all soil restrictions including unsufficient aeration, rapid drainage, resistance of root penetrability and salinity, in order to estimate the SAW properly. In this study, in order to compare the applicability of PAW and IWC criteria in irrigation management, soil physical and hydraulical properties of a pistachio garden, with drip irrigation system, were measured and PAW and IWC ​​were calculated. Based on these criteria, two irrigation regimes ( and) were determined. According to the results, the irrigation periods for  and were 8 and 12 days and irrigation duration were obtained 6 and 12 hours, respectively. Soil salinity distribution and root water uptake in two irrigation regimes were simulated using HYDRUS-2D model after validation for garden condition which showed a high accuracy for modeling. The results showed that in , soil salinity is driven to areas farther from the root of the tree and the area with low salinity levels, which plays an effective role in water absorption, are expanded. Based on the simulation, 63.7% and 48.1% of crop water requirement were provided through  and  managements, respectively. Therefore, by using IWC index, irrigation management could have a better accommodation to field conditions and leads to less water and salinity stress.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hydrus model
  • Integral water capacity
  • Irrigation regime
  • Plant available water
  • Soil water availability

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 51، شماره 11
بهمن 1399
صفحه 2773-2786

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