کارایی مدل WEPP در برآورد رواناب و هدررفت خاک در مراتع سنگریزه ای حوضه خامسان کردستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه تهران

2 عضو هیات علمی گروه علوم خاک داشگاه تهران

3 دانشگاه کردستان

چکیده

هدف از این تحقیق بررسی کارایی مدل WEPP در برآورد رواناب و رسوب ناشی از رخدادهای طبیعی در سطح کرت در مراتع حوضه خامسان کردستان بود. رواناب و رسوب حاصل از رخدادهای منجر به رواناب در طول سال­های 1389 تا 1392 در 18 کرت با ابعاد 24 متر طول و 8/1 متر عرض اندازه­گیری شد (6 دامنه- سه کرت در هر دامنه). همزمان داده‌های ورودی مورد نیاز مدل از جمله ویژگی­های خاک، پوشش گیاهی و پوشش زمین در طول این مدت بررسی گردید. در این مدت، تعداد 24 رخداد مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بعد از واسنجی مدل WEPP بر اساس قسمت تک رخداد با 8 رخداد، اعتبارسنجی مدل با 16 رخداد باقیمانده صورت گرفت. مدل توانست به میزان قابل قبولی رواناب و هدررفت خاک ناشی از رخدادهای طبیعی را در دامنه­های مرتعی دارای مقادیر قابل توجهی جزء سنگی پیش­بینی نموده و برآوردهای هدررفت خاک تا حدودی بهتر از رواناب بود. به­طور کلی، کارایی مدل در دامنه­های با مقادیر جزء سنگی (به­ویژه پوشش سنگی) و درصد آهک بالاتر، کم­تر از دامنه­های دیگر بود. به نظر می­رسد علاوه بر ویژگی­های دامنه­های مورد بررسی، تغییرات شدت بارندگی در طول هر رخداد نیز تأثیر به­سزایی بر تولید رواناب و رسوب و تخمین­های مدل داشت. در مدل WEPP برای تک رخداد، صرفاً بخشی از ویژگی­های یک بارندگی به مدل وارد شده و تغییرات در طول یک بارندگی که ممکن است تأثیر به­سزایی بر مقدار رواناب و رسوب داشته باشد در نظر گرفته نشده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

WEPP model efficiency in estimation of runoff and soil loss in stony rangelands of Khamesan watershed, Kurdistan

نویسندگان [English]

  • Naser Khaleghpanah 1
  • Hossein Asadi 2
  • Mahdi Shorafa 1
  • Manoochehr Gorji 1
  • Masood Davari 3
1 University of Tehran
2 University of Tehran
3 University of Kordestan
چکیده [English]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of WEPP model to estimate the runoff and soil erosion under natural events at plot scale in rangelands of Khamesan watershed, Kurdistan. The runoff and sediment induced by events leading to runoff were measured over a three year period (2011 - 2013) in eighteen plots of 24 m long and 1.8 m wide (6 hillslopes with three plots in each). Concurrently, the input data including soil characteristics, vegetation and ground cover were evaluated and recorded during the period.An overall of 24 events were investigated. After calibrating the model  using the eight events’ data based on the single event section of the model, the validation of WEPP model was carried out using the 16 remaining events. The model estimated the runoff and soil erosion with an acceptable accuracy under natural events in rangeland hillslopes containing significant amounts of rock fragments. The soil erosion estimations were somewhat better than the total runoff. In general, the model efficiency was lower in the hillslopes with higher rock fragments (especially rock cover) and higher percentage of lime compared with the other hillslopes. It seems that rainfall intensity pattern during each event also had a significant effect on the model estimations. In WEPP model for single event estimations, only a number of storm characteristics are used as input data, and intra-storm variations are not considered which may have a significant impact on the amounts of runoff and sediment.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Model validation
  • Plot
  • Rock fragment
  • Single event
  • Soil loss
Angassa, A. (2014). Effects of grazing intensity and bush encroachment on herbaceous species and rangeland condition in Southern Ethiopia. Land Degradation & Development, 25, 438–451.
Anonymous. (2012). Report of Khamesan reagents and paired watershed. Forest, Range and Watershed Organization of Kurdistan Province. (In Farsi)
Asadi, H., Rouhipour, H., and Refahi, H.Gh. (2007). An evaluation of WEPP model for interrill soil erosion. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 38(4), 553-562. (In Farsi)
Bacchi, O.O.S., Reichardt, K., and Sparovek, G. (2003). Sediment spatial distribution evaluated by three methods and its relation to some soil properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 69, 117–125.
Baffaut, C., Nearing, M.A., Ascough, J.C., and Liu, B.Y. (1997). The WEPP watershed model: II. Sensitivity analysis and discretization on small watersheds. Transactions of the ASAE, 40(4), 935–943.
Baigorria, G.A., and Romero, C.C. (2007). Assessment of erosion hotspots in a watershed: integrating the WEPP model and GIS in a case study in the Peruvian Andes. Environmental Modelling & Software, 22, 1175–1183.
Bravo-Espinosa, M., Mendoza, M.E., Carlón Allende, T., Medina, L., Sáenz-Reyes, J. T., and Páez, R. (2014). Effects of converting forest to avocado orchards on topsoil properties in the trans- 25 mexican volcanic system, Mexico. Land Degradation & Development, 25, 452–467.
Dane, H., Topp, G., and Warren, A. (2002). Methods of Soil Analysis Part-4 Physical Methods: SSSA Book Series-5. Soil Science Society of America.
Dunkerley, D., (2012). Effects of rainfall intensity fluctuations on infiltration and runoff: Rainfall simulation on dryland soils, Fowlers Gap, Australia. Hydrological Processes, 26, 2211–2224.
Flanagan, D. C., and Nearing, M.A. (1995). USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project hillslope profile and watershed model documentation. USDA-ARS National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory.
Flanagan, D., Foster, G., and Moldenhauer, W. (1988). Storm pattern effect on infiltration, runoff, and erosion. Transactions of the ASAE, 31(2), 414-420.
Flanagan, D.C., and Frankenberger, J.R. (2012). WEPP: model use, calibration, and validation. Transactions of the ASABE, 55, 1463–1477.
Flanagan, D.C., Gilley, J.E., and Franti, T.G. (2007). Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP): Development History, Model Capabilities and Future Enhancements. Transactions of the ASABE, 50, 1603–1612.
García-Ruiz, J. M., and Lana-Renault, N. (2011). Hydrological and erosive consequences of farmland abandonment in Europe, with special reference to the Mediterranean region – a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 140, 317–338.
Gronsten, H.A., and Lundekvam, H. (2006). Prediction of surface runoff and soil loss in southeastern Norway using the WEPP Hillslope Model. Soil and Tillage Research, 85(1–2), 186–199.
Herrick, J.E., Van Zee, J.W., Belnap, J., Johansen, J.R., and Remmenga, M. (2010). Fine gravel controls hydrologic and erodibility responses to trampling disturbance for coarse-textured soils with weak cyanobacterial crusts. Catena, 83, 119–126.
Jetten, V., Govers, G., and Hessel, R. (2003). Erosion models: quality of spatial predictions. Hydrological Processes, 17, 887–900.
Katra, I., Lavee, H., and Sarah, P. (2008). The effect of rock fragment size and position on topsoil moisture on arid and semi-arid hillslopes. Catena, 72, 49–55.
Lin, C., Lin, W., and Chou, W. (2002). Soil erosion prediction and sediment yield estimation: The Taiwan experience. Soil and Tillage Research, 68, 143–152.
Mahmoodabadi, M., and Cerdà, A. (2013). WEPP calibration for improved predictions of interrill erosion in semi-arid to arid environments. Geoderma, 204-205, 75-83.
Mahmoodabadi, M., Refahi, H.GH., and Rouhipour, H. (2013). Evaluation of the WEPP process-based model in predicting interrill erosion rate using rainfall simulator. Iranian Journal of Soil Research (Formerly Soil and Water Sciences), 27(1), 23-34. (In Farsi)
Mati, B.M., Morgan, R.P.C., and Quinton, J.N. (2006). Soil erosion modelling with EUROSEM at Embori and Mukogodo catchments, Kenya. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 31, 579–588.
Mayor, A.G., Bautista, S., and Bellot, J. (2009). Factors and interactions controlling infiltration, runoff, and soil loss at the microscale in a patchy Mediterranean semiarid landscape. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34, 1702–1711.
Merritt, W.S., Letcher, R.A., and Jakeman, A.J. (2003). A review of erosion and sediment transport models. Environmental Modelling & Software, 18, 761–799.
Moriasi, D.N., Arnold, J.G., Liew, M.W. Van, Bingner, R.L., Harmel, R.D., and Veith, T.L. (2007). Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Transactions of the ASABE, 50, 885-900.
Nearing, M. A., Govers, G., and Norton, L.D. (1999). Variability in soil erosion data from replicated plots. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 63, 1829–1835.
Pandey, A., Chowdary, V.M., Mal, B.C., and Billib, M. (2008). Runoff and sediment yield modelling from a small agricultural watershed in India using the WEPP model. Journal of Hydrology, 348, 305–319.
Parsons, A.J., and Stone, P.M. (2006). Effects of intra-storm variations in rainfall intensity on interrill runoff and erosion. Catena. 67, 68–78
Pieri, L., Bittelli, M., Wu, J.Q., Dun, S., Flanagan, D.C., Pisa, P.R., Ventura, F., and Salvatorelli, F. (2007). Using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to simulate field-observed runoff and erosion in the Apennines mountain range, Italy. Journal of Hydrology, 336, 84–97
Poesen, J., and Lavee, H. (1994). Rock fragments in top soils: significance and processes. Catena, 23, 1–28.
Poesen, J.W., Torri, D., and Bunte, K. (1994). Effects of rock fragments on soil erosion by water at different spatial scales: a review. Catena, 23, 141–166.
Pudasaini, M., Shrestha, S., and Riley, S. (2004). Application of Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) to estimate soil erosion from single storm rainfall events from construction sites. 3rd Australian New Zealand Soils Conference, 5-9 December 2004, Symposium 16: Water Quality and Soil Management.
Renschler, C.S., and Harbor, J. (2002). Soil erosion assessment tools from point to regional scales—the role of geomorphologists in land management research and implementation. Geomorphology, 47, 189–209.
Rosenmund, A., Confalonieri, R., Roggero, P.P., Toderi, M., and Acutis, M. (2005). Evaluation of the EUROSEM model for simulating erosion in hilly areas of central Italy. Rivista Italiana di Agrometeorologia, 10, 15–23.
Shen, Z., Gong, Y., Li, Y., and Liu, R. (2010). Analysis and modeling of soil conservation measures in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China. Catena, 81, 2.104–112.
Shen, Z.Y., Gong, Y.W., Li, Y.H., Hong, Q., Xu, L., and Liu, R.M. (2009). A comparison of WEPP and SWAT for modeling soil erosion of the Zhangjiachong Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Agricultural Water Management, 96, 1435–1442
Singh, R.K., Panda, R.K., Satapathy, K.K., and Ngachan, S. V. (2011). Simulation of runoff and sediment yield from a hilly watershed in the eastern Himalaya, India using the WEPP model. Journal of Hydrology, 405, 261–276.
Soto, B.B., and Díaz-Fierros, F. (1998). Runoff and soil erosion from areas of burnt scrub: comparison of experimental results with those predicted by the WEPP model. Catena, 31, 257–270
Sparks, D.L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston, C.T., and Sumner, M.E. (1996). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3-Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy.
Vaezi, A.R., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Bahrami, H.A., and Mahdian, M.H. (2008). Modeling the USLE K-factor for calcareous soils in northwestern Iran. Geomorphology, 97, 414–423.
Valentin, C., and Casenave, A. (1992). Infiltration into sealed soils as influenced by gravel cover. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 56, 1667–1673.
Van Wesemael, B., Poesen, J., and de Figueiredo, T. (1995). Effects of rock fragments on physical degradation of cultivated soils by rainfall. Soil and Tillage Research, 33, 229–250.
Zavala, L.M., Jordan, A., Bellinfante, N., and GIL, J. (2010). Relationships between rock fragment cover and soil hydrological response in a Mediterranean environment. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, 56: 95–104
Zhang, X.C., Nearing, M.A., Risse, L.M., and McGregor, K.C. (1996). Evaluation of runoff and soil loss predictions using natural runoff plot data. Transactions of the ASAE, 39, 855–863.