مروری بر مدیریت زیستی فرسایش شیاری و آبکندی با تاکید بر انتخاب گونه‌های گیاهی مناسب

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 گرگان ، میدان بسیج، پردیس دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان ، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری

2 گروه آموزشی آبخیزداری، دانشکدة مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

3 گروه آموزشی آبخیزداری، دانشکدة مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

4 گروه آموزشی مدیریت مرتع، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

خاک به‌عنوان یکی از مهمترین ارکان منابع طبیعی، نقش بسیار عمده‌ای در زندگی انسان دارد. در میان فرآیندهای مختلف تخریب سرزمین، فرسایش خاک بزرگترین تهدید به حساب آمده و به‌عنوان سازوکاری پویا به‌شمار آمده که بایستی با تغییر دیدگاه و فراتر از گذشته به کاهش و مدیریت به‌هنگام آن پرداخته شود. چرا که هرگونه اقدامی بدون توجه به اصول فنی و پایدار محیط زیستی، تأثیرات جبران‌ناپذیر و یا پرهزینه‌ای را رقم می‌زند. پژوهش حاضر به ارائه الگو برای انتخاب گونه‌های گیاهی مناسب به‌منظور کاهش و مدیریت زیستی فرسایش شیاری و آبکندی خاک در راستای توسعه پایدار و حفاظت از آب و خاک می‌پردازد. بعد از مرور منابع فرسایش در پژوهش‌های متعدد، تأثیر برخی از گونه‌های گیاهی از لحاظ ویژگی‌های تاج پوشش، ساقه، ریشه و شرایط سازگاری و تکثیر در فرسایش شیاری و آبکندی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. گیاهان پیشنهادی در پژوهش‌های مروری عموماً چند‌ساله و با ساقه‌های سخت بودند که جوامع گیاهی با پوشش متراکم فوقانی و ریشه متراکم و عمیق را دارا بوده، تحمل شرایط خشک و مرطوب خاک را داشته و در صورت مدفون شدن توسط رسوبات، توان رشد و نموی مجدد را داشته باشند. در این پژوهش علاوه بر پتانسیل و گستردگی بالای گونه‌های گیاهی در کنترل فرسایش آبکندی و نیازمندی توجه بیشتر به مهندسی زیستی در احیا و کنترل آبکندها، برخی گونه‌های مناسب مانند نی (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud)، وتیور (Chrysopogon zizanioides L.)، پنجه‌مرغی (Cynodon‌ dactylon (L.) Pers)، گز پرشاخه (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb)، کهور دره‌ای (Prosopis koelziana Burkil)، دیوخار (Lycium depressum Stocks)  پیشنهاد شده است که می‌تواند الگوی مناسبی برای اتخاذ تصمیمات مدیریتی و اجرایی پروژه‌های مرتبط با احیای پوشش گیاهی و مدیریت زیستی فرسایش در سطح ملی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Review of Bioengineering of Rill and Gully Erosion Based on the Suitable Plant Species Selection

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Hosseinalizadeh 1
  • Ali Radkani 2
  • Ghadir Gholi Kochaknejad 3
  • Farkhondeh Aghajan Liafu 3
  • Hassan Yeganeh 4
1 Department of Arid Zone Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR), Gorgan, 49189-43436, Iran
2 Department of Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
3 Department of Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
4 Department of Rangland Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Soil, as one of the most vital components of natural resources, plays a critical role in human life. Among various land degradation processes, soil erosion is considered the most significant threat and is recognized as a dynamic mechanism that must be addressed with a broader and more forward-thinking perspective. Any intervention lacking technical and environmentally sustainable principles may result in irreversible or costly consequences. This study aims to provide a model for selecting appropriate plant species to reduce and biologically manage rill and gully erosion in line with sustainable development and the protection of soil and water resources. Following a comprehensive review of erosion sources in multiple studies, the impact of specific plant species—based on canopy characteristics, stems, roots, adaptability, and reproduction—on rill and gully erosion was evaluated. The plant species recommended in the reviewed studies were preferably perennial, with rigid stems, dense upper canopy cover, and deep root systems. These species should tolerate both dry and moist soil conditions and have the capacity to regenerate even after being buried by sediments. In addition to highlighting the high potential and widespread applicability of plant species in controlling gully erosion and the need for greater attention to bioengineering in gully rehabilitation, this study also suggests several suitable species, including Reed (Phragmites australis), Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb, Lycium depressum Stocks and Prosopis koelziana Burkil. These species may serve as effective models for management and implementation decisions in restoration and bio-management of erosion at the national level.
 
(Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb)، کهور دره‌ای (Prosopis koelziana Burkil)، دیوخار (Lycium depressum Stocks)

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bioengineering
  • Biological Restoration
  • Land Degradation
  • Soil Erosion

Introduction

Soil erosion is widely recognized as one of the most critical environmental issues threatening the sustainability of agricultural systems and natural landscapes. Among different erosion types, gully and rill erosion represent advanced and severe forms that lead to significant soil degradation, loss of arable land, sedimentation in downstream ecosystems, and damage to infrastructure. These types of erosion are particularly destructive in arid and semi-arid regions, where soil cohesion is low and rainfall is sporadic but intense. In this context, vegetation-based approaches have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional mechanical control methods. This review aims to conceptually synthesize existing knowledge on biological management of gully and rill erosion, with a special focus on identifying plant traits and species that can effectively mitigate these forms of erosion under diverse ecological and environmental conditions.

Method

This research employed a structured literature review method to evaluate and consolidate findings from peer-reviewed scientific articles, technical reports, and field-based studies both within Iran and internationally. The search focused on studies that explored the underlying processes of gully and rill erosion, plant-soil interactions, and the ecological roles of plant morphological traits in erosion control. Studies were selected from academic databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Key selection criteria included relevance to semi-arid environments, explicit mention of plant characteristics, and quantitative or qualitative assessment of erosion mitigation. The reviewed literature was analyzed to identify consistent patterns and practical insights that could inform future vegetation-based erosion management.

Results

The findings reveal that certain plant traits are strongly associated with enhanced erosion control. These include deep and fibrous root systems that improve soil cohesion, strong and flexible stems that dissipate runoff energy, and dense canopy cover that reduces the impact of raindrops and surface flow velocity. Species such as Medicago sativa, Artemisia spp., Stipa spp., Agropyron elongatum, and Festuca arundinacea were identified as particularly effective in stabilizing slopes and gully edges. Furthermore, the reviewed studies emphasize the importance of selecting native or regionally adapted species that can survive local climatic stresses such as drought and nutrient-poor soils. In many cases, plant-based approaches demonstrated cost-effectiveness, ecological resilience, and long-term sustainability compared to structural methods like check dams and terracing.

Conclusions

Vegetative solutions for erosion control represent a viable and sustainable alternative to mechanical interventions. Strategic use of suitable plant species can significantly reduce soil detachment, increase infiltration, stabilize landforms, and contribute to biodiversity. To maximize success, plant selection must be tailored to site-specific conditions, and integrated with broader watershed management and land-use planning efforts. The review concludes that biological approaches should be prioritized and supported by national soil conservation policies, local capacity-building programs, and community involvement for effective implementation.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the conceptualization, literature search, and drafting of the manuscript. The corresponding author led the coordination, integration of content, and final editing process.

Data Availability Statement

This article is a literature review. No original datasets were generated or analyzed. All referenced studies and data sources are publicly available and cited in the reference list.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources for providing access to academic databases and supporting this research endeavor. Special thanks are extended to field practitioners and researchers whose insights have enriched this review.

Ethical considerations

This review article did not involve any human participants or animal experiments. All sources were properly acknowledged, and ethical guidelines for citation and academic integrity were fully observed throughout the research and writing process

مراجع

Abdalla, K., Mutema, M., & Hill, T. (2020). Soil and organic carbon losses from varying land uses: a global meta‐analysis. Geographical Research, 58(2), 167-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12389
Abdulfatai, I. A., Okunlola, A. I., Akande, W. G., Momoh, L. O., & Ibrahim, K. O. (2014). Review of gully erosion in Nigeria: causes, impacts and possible solutions. Journal of Geosciences and Geomatics, 3(2), 125-129. https://doi.org/10.12691/jgg-2-3-8
Ahmadi Bani, M., Niknahad ghermakher, H., Marmaee, M., Azimi, M, A. (2016). Effects of   planting Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) on some soil physico-chemical characteristics (A case study: Kechik station, Maraveh tapeh, Northen Iran), Journal of Rangeland (3)9: 268-280. (in Persian). http://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-260-fa.html
Afenzar, M., Achiban, H., & Abahrour, M. (2025). Quantitative analysis of rill erosion and contributing factors in the Oued Aghrouz catchment, Morocco. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies, 13(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2025-0007
Afshar, R. K., Nilahyane, A., Chen, C., He, H., Stevens, W. B., & Iversen, W. M. (2019). Impact of conservation tillage and nitrogen on sugarbeet yield and quality. Soil and Tillage Research, 191, 216-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.03.017
Amézketa, E. (1999). Soil aggregate stability: a review. Journal of sustainable agriculture, 14(2-3), 83-151. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v14n02_08
Angers, D. A., & Caron, J. (1998). Plant-induced changes in soil structure: processes and feedbacks. Biogeochemistry, 42(1), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005944025343
Aqeel, M., Murtaza, N., Ahmed, W., Pasha, G. A., Ghumman, A. R., Ahmed, A., Riaz, K., & Zhao, X. (2025). Soil erosion on steep hills with varying vegetation patterns. Physics of Fluids, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0245155
Archer, N., Quinton, J., & Hess, T. (2002). Below-ground relationships of soil texture, roots and hydraulic conductivity in two-phase mosaic vegetation in South-east Spain. Journal of Arid Environments, 52(4), 535-553. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2002.1011
Auerswald, K., Oberneder, A., Wiesmeier, M., Ebertseder, F., & Fritz, M. (2025). Erosion impact of cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) stands established with and without nurse crop. Soil Use and Management, 41(1), e70047. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.70047
Baets, S. D., Poesen, J., Knapen, A., & Galindo, P. (2007). Impact of root architecture on the erosion‐reducing potential of roots during concentrated flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group, 32(9), 1323-1345. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1470
Baets, S. D., Torri, D., Poesen, J., Salvador, M., & Meersmans, J. (2008). Modelling increased soil cohesion due to roots with EUROSEM. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group, 33(13), 1948-1963. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1647
Bennett, S. J., & Wells, R. R. (2019). Gully erosion processes, disciplinary fragmentation, and technological innovation. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 44(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4522
Blanco, H., & Lal, R. (2008). Principles of soil conservation and management (Vol. 167169). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.06.001
Bochet, E., Poesen, J., & Rubio, J. L. (2006). Runoff and soil loss under individual plants of a semi‐arid Mediterranean shrubland: influence of plant morphology and rainfall intensity. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group, 31(5), 536-549. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1351
Borrelli, P., Robinson, D. A., Panagos, P., Lugato, E., Yang, J. E., Alewell, C., Wuepper, D., Montanarella, L., & Ballabio, C. (2020). Land use and climate change impacts on global soil erosion by water (2015-2070). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(36), 21994-22001. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200140311
Bronick, C. J., & Lal, R. (2005). Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma, 124(1-2), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005
Burylo, M., Rey, F., Mathys, N., & Dutoit, T. (2012). Plant root traits affecting the resistance of soils to concentrated flow erosion. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 37(14), 1463-1470. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3248
Cammeraat, E., van Beek, R., & Kooijman, A. (2005). Vegetation succession and its consequences for slope stability in SE Spain. Plant and Soil, 278(1), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-5893-1
Cao, L., Zhang, K., & Zhang, W. (2009). Detachment of road surface soil by flowing water. Catena, 76(2), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.10.005
Carlin, G., Truong, P., Cook, F., Thomas, E., Mischke, L., & Mischke, K. (2003). Vetiver Grass Hedges for Control of Runoff and Drain Stabilisation, Pimpama Queensland. Technical Report. CSIRO Land and Water(46). https://doi.org/10.4225/08/585c14e93454a
Cavalieri, K. M. V., da Silva, A. P., Tormena, C. A., Leão, T. P., Dexter, A. R., & Håkansson, I. (2009). Long-term effects of no-tillage on dynamic soil physical properties in a Rhodic Ferrasol in Paraná, Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research, 103(1), 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.10.014
Chao, Y., Liu, W., Chen, Y., Chen, W., Zhao, L., Ding, Q., Wang, S., Tang, Y.-T., Zhang, T., & Qiu, R.-L. (2016). Structure, variation, and co-occurrence of soil microbial communities in abandoned sites of a rare earth elements mine. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(21), 11481-11490. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02284
Chen, Y., Shen, Z., & Li, X. (2004). The use of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. Applied Geochemistry, 19(10), 1553-1565. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.02.003
Choubin, B., Rahmati, O., Soleimanpour, S. M., Shadfar, S., & Najafi Eigdir, A. (2025). Modeling soil loss due to gully erosion in the data-scarce regions. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 55(11), 2173-2189. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2024.381049.669782
Choubin, B., Rahmati, O., Tahmasebipour, N., Feizizadeh, B., & Pourghasemi, H. R. (2018). Application of fuzzy analytical network process model for analyzing the gully erosion susceptibility. In Natural hazards gis-based spatial modeling using data mining techniques (pp. 105-125). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73383-8_5
Clewell, A., Aronson, J., & Winterhalder, K. (2004). The SER international primer on ecological restoration. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.ser.org/resource/resmgr/custompages/publications/ser_publications/ser_primer.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Coppock, D. L., Norton, B. E., Tadele, D., Doyo, J., Eba, B., & Teshome, D. (2015). Sieve structures to control gully erosion on the borana plateau. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/envs_facpub/1436/
Dabney, S. M., & Gumiere, S. J. (2020). Erosion by Water: Vegetative Control. In Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems (pp. 395-406). CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780429346255-48/erosion-water-vegetative-control-seth-dabney-silvio-gumiere
Dahanayake, A., Webb, J., Greet, J., & Brookes, J. (2024). How do plants reduce erosion? An Eco Evidence assessment. Plant Ecology, 225(6), 593-604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-024-01414-9
Davodirad, A., & Mohammady, M. (2022). Accuracy Assessment of Gully Erosion Susceptibility Map Using SVM and MARS Methods in Shazand Watershed. Iranian Journal of Watershed Management Science and Engineering, 16(59), 12-22.‏ (in Persian). http://jwmsei.ir/article-1-1040-fa.html
De Baets, S., Poesen, J., Gyssels, G., & Knapen, A. (2006). Effects of grass roots on the erodibility of topsoils during concentrated flow. Geomorphology, 76(1-2), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.10.002
De Baets, S., Poesen, J., Knapen, A., Barberá, G. G., & Navarro, J. (2007). Root characteristics of representative Mediterranean plant species and their erosion-reducing potential during concentrated runoff. Plant and Soil, 294(1), 169-183.
De Baets, S., Poesen, J., Meersmans, J., & Serlet, L. (2011). Cover crops and their erosion-reducing effects during concentrated flow erosion. Catena, 85(3), 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.01.009
De Baets, S., Poesen, J., Reubens, B., Muys, B., De Baerdemaeker, J., & Meersmans, J. (2009). Methodological framework to select plant species for controlling rill and gully erosion: application to a Mediterranean ecosystem. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34(10), 1374-1392. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1826
Delbari, S. M., Amirahmadi, A. (2016). Effects of the Root Network and Canopy of Stipagrostis pennata on wind erosion in Sabzevar . E.E.R. 2016; 6 (2) :46-58. (in Persian). https://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-293-fa.html
Díaz, M. A. R., Pereira, E. D., & de Vente, J. (2019). Ecosystem services provision by gully control: A review. Cuadernos de investigación geográfica: Geographical Research Letters, 45(1), 333-366. https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3552
Dirikvandi, K., Fathi-Moghadam, M., Bina, M., & Masjedi, A. (2009). Investigation of the effect of submergence ratio and flow velocity on roughness coefficient in riverbanks and floodplain fields with vegetative cover under non-submerged conditions. In Proceedings of the National Conference on Watershed Science and Engineering of Iran (Sustainable Management of Natural Disasters). (in Persian). https://www.sid.ir/paper/817109/fa
DoodkanluoMilan, A., Aghaei, S., Asadi,. H. (2025) Rill erosion scaling in a sandy loam soil under field simulation, Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 56 (1),91-104. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2024.382458.669795
Duan, X., Bai, Z., Rong, L., Li, Y., Ding, J., Tao, Y., Li, J., Li, J., & Wang, W. (2020). Investigation method for regional soil erosion based on the Chinese Soil Loss Equation and high-resolution spatial data: Case study on the mountainous Yunnan Province, China. Catena, 184, 104237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104237
Eisenhauer, N., Hines, J., Isbell, F., Van Der Plas, F., Hobbie, S. E., Kazanski, C. E., Lehmann, A., Liu, M., Lochner, A., & Rillig, M. C. (2018). Plant diversity maintains multiple soil functions in future environments. Elife, 7, e41228. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.41228
Emtehani, M. H. (2007). Characteristics of shrub-type kahoor and its application in stabilizing moving sands in tropical regions of southern Iran. Journal of Forest and Range, 74, 81–85. (in Persian).  https://www.magiran.com/paper/showpdf/74c947ef-f45a-4062-8f19-3733f8026048?p=441749&m=1226
Esmali, A., Kavian, A., Jafarian, Z., & Kavianpoor, A. H. (2015). Effect of vegetation covers on decreasing runoff and soil loss using rainfall simulation in Nesho Rangeland, Mazandaran Province. Geography and Environmental Planning, 26(2), 179-190. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18734_en.html
Eteraf, H., Dorri, M. and Nikkami, D. (2014). The effect of plants on runoff, sediment yield and soil fertility on ‎sloppy lands of Maraveh-Tapeh. Watershed Engineering and Management, 6(3), 224-231. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2014.101627
Eviner, V. T., & Chapin III, F. S. (2003). Functional matrix: a conceptual framework for predicting multiple plant effects on ecosystem processes. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34(1), 455-485. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132342
Fattet, M., Fu, Y., Ghestem, M., Ma, W., Foulonneau, M., Nespoulous, J., Le Bissonnais, Y., & Stokes, A. (2011). Effects of vegetation type on soil resistance to erosion: Relationship between aggregate stability and shear strength. Catena, 87(1), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.05.006
Firoozi, A., Akbari, H., Lotfalian, M., & Moghaddami Rad, M. (2016). The effect of vegetation on soil erosion. In Proceedings of the 4th National Conference of Student Scientific Associations in Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment (Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran). (in Persian). https://civilica.com/doc/518526
Garcı́a-Fuentes, A., Salazar, C., Torres, J., Cano, E., & Valle, F. (2001). Review of communities of Lygeum spartum L. in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula (western Mediterranean). Journal of Arid Environments, 48(3), 323-339. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2000.0756
García-Ruiz, J. M. (2010). The effects of land uses on soil erosion in Spain: A review. Catena, 81(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2010.01.001
Gemechu, L. H. (2025). The Status of Gully Erosion, Driving Factors and Management Options in Ethiopia: A Review. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 47(3), 319-326. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2025/v47i33338
Ghidey, F., & Alberts, E. (1997). Plant root effects on soil erodibility, splash detachment, soil strength, and aggregate stability. Transactions of the ASAE, 40(1), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.21257
Glinski, D., & Lipic, J. (1990). Soil physical conditions and plant roots CRC. Press. Inc. Florida USA. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351076708
Godin, C. (2000). Representing and encoding plant architecture: a review. Annals of forest science, 57(5), 413-438. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2000132
Gökbulak, F. (2003). Comparison of growth performance of Lolium perenne L., Dactylis glomerata L. and Agropyron elongatum (Host.) P. Beauv. for erosion control in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 24(1), 45-53. https://europepmc.org/article/med/12974411
Gray, D. H., & Sotir, R. B. (1996). Biotechnical and soil bioengineering slope stabilization: a practical guide for erosion control. John Wiley & Sons.
Gregory, P. J. (2006). Roots, rhizosphere and soil: the route to a better understanding of soil science? European Journal of Soil Science, 57(1), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00778.x
Grimshaw, R. (1994). Vetiver grass—its use for slope and structure stabilisation under tropical and semi tropical conditions, Vegetation and Slopes Stabilisation. Protection and Ecology (ed. by Barker, DH), Thomas Telford House, London, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1680/vasspae.20313.0003
Guerra, A., Bezerra, J., Fullen, M., Mendonça, J., Sathler, R., Lima, F., & Guerra, T. (2007). Urban gullies in Sao Luis city, Maranhao state, Brazil. Progress in Gully Erosion Research, Casali J, Giménez R (eds). Universidad Pública de Navarra: Pamplona, 58-59.
Guo, M., Chen, Z., Wang, W., Wang, T., Shi, Q., Kang, H., Zhao, M., & Feng, L. (2021). Spatiotemporal changes in flow hydraulic characteristics and soil loss during gully headcut erosion under controlled conditions. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 25(8), 4473-4494. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4473-2021
Guo, M., Wang, W., Kang, H., & Yang, B. (2018). Changes in soil properties and erodibility of gully heads induced by vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Arid Land, 10, 712-725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0121-z
Guo, M., Wang, W., Wang, T., Wang, W., & Kang, H. (2020). Impacts of different vegetation restoration options on gully head soil resistance and soil erosion in loess tablelands. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 45(4), 1038-1050. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4798
Guo, Z., Yan, Z., He, R., Yang, H., Ci, H., & Wang, R. (2024). Impacts of Land Use Conversion on Soil Erosion in the Urban Agglomeration on the Northern Slopes of the Tianshan Mountains. Land, 13(4), 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13040550
Gyssels, G., & Poesen, J. (2003). The importance of plant root characteristics in controlling concentrated flow erosion rates. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group, 28(4), 371-384. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.447
Gyssels, G., Poesen, J., Bochet, E., & Li, Y. (2005). Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water: a review. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 29(2), 189-217. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp443ra
Gyssels, G., Poesen, J., Nachtergaele, J., & Govers, G. (2002). The impact of sowing density of small grains on rill and ephemeral gully erosion in concentrated flow zones. Soil and Tillage Research, 64(3-4), 189-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00263-X
He, T., Yang, Y., Peng, T., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Chen, X., Liu, Y., & Liu, B. (2023). The role of straw mulching in shaping rills and stabilizing rill network under simulated extreme rainfall. Soil and Tillage Research, 229, 105656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2023.105656
Hidalgo, J. G., Raventos, J., & Echevarria, M. (1997). Comparison of sediment ratio curves for plants with different architectures. Catena, 29(3-4), 333-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00067-7
Hooke, J. (2006). Human impacts on fluvial systems in the Mediterranean region. Geomorphology, 79(3-4), 311-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.036
Hosseinalizadeh, M., Alinejad, M., Mohammadian Behbahani, A., Khormali, F., Kariminejad, N., & Pourghasemi, H. R. (2019). A review on the gully erosion and land degradation in Iran. Gully erosion studies from India and surrounding regions, 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23243-6_26
Hosseinalizadeh, M. , Alinejad, M. , Zarei, H. and Jalalifard, A. (2019). Piping Erosion, a Threat or an Opportunity?. Land Management Journal, 7(2), 165-177. (in Persian). https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.23456205.1398.7.2.5.0
Hosseinalizadeh, M. , Yeganeh, H. , Khermandar, K. and Saadatfar, A. (2025). Investigating Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals of Lycium Depressum L Plant: A Case Study of Iodine Factory of Golestan Province. Desert Ecosystem Engineering, 13(43), 1-24. (in Persian).‎ https://doi.org/10.22052/deej.2024.255242.1068
Hosseini, S. M., Mosadehi, A., Nāsari, K. D., & Golkarian, A. (2012). Identification of the most important factors influencing gully erosion in the hilly units of southwestern Mashhad County. Geography and Environmental Hazards, 1(2), 71–83. (in Persian). https://www.sid.ir/paper/472588/fa
Hosseini-Tavasol, M., and Yousefi-Khanqah, Sh. (2007). A method for watershed management and restoration using appropriate biological programs (Case study: Gorkbaghi watershed). In Proceedings of the 4th National Conference on Watershed Management Science and Engineering of Iran: Watershed Management (Karaj, Iran). (in Persian). https://civilica.com/doc/44889
Jafari, M., Chahouki, M. Z., Tavili, A., Azarnivand, H., & Amiri, G. Z. (2004). Effective environmental factors in the distribution of vegetation types in Poshtkouh rangelands of Yazd Province (Iran). Journal of Arid Environments, 56(4), 627-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00077-6
Jastrow, J., Miller, R., & Lussenhop, J. (1998). Contributions of interacting biological mechanisms to soil aggregate stabilization in restored prairie. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30(7), 905-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00207-1
Jiang, Y., Shi, H., Wen, Z., Guo, M., Zhao, J., Cao, X., Fan, Y., & Zheng, C. (2020). The dynamic process of slope rill erosion analyzed with a digital close range photogrammetry observation system under laboratory conditions. Geomorphology, 350, 106893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106893
Jones, D. L., Nguyen, C., & Finlay, R. D. (2009). Carbon flow in the rhizosphere: carbon trading at the soil–root interface. In: Springer.
Kang, S.-W., Cheong, Y. H., Yun, J.-J., Park, J.-H., Park, J.-H., Seo, D.-C., & Cho, J.-S. (2021). Effect of biochar application on nitrogen use efficiency for sustainable and productive agriculture under different field crops. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 44(19), 2849-2862. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1921200
Kervroëdan, L., Armand, R., Saunier, M., & Faucon, M.-P. (2020). Functional diversity effects of vegetation on runoff to design herbaceous hedges for sediment retention. Diversity, 12(4), 131.
Knapen, A., Poesen, J., Govers, G., Gyssels, G., & Nachtergaele, J. (2007). Resistance of soils to concentrated flow erosion: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 80(1-2), 75-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.08.001
Leifheit, E. F., Veresoglou, S. D., Lehmann, A., Morris, E. K., & Rillig, M. C. (2014). Multiple factors influence the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil aggregation—a meta-analysis. Plant and Soil, 374(1), 523-537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1899-2
Li, C., Frolking, S., & Frolking, T. A. (1992). A model of nitrous oxide evolution from soil driven by rainfall events: 2. Model applications. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 97(D9), 9777-9783. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD00510
Li, J., Okin, G. S., Alvarez, L., & Epstein, H. (2008). Effects of wind erosion on the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients in two desert grassland communities. Biogeochemistry, 88, 73-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10533-008-9195-6
Li, L., Wang, Y., & Liu, C. (2014). Effects of land use changes on soil erosion in a fast developing area. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11, 1549-1562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0341-x
Li, Z., Liu, W.-Z., Zhang, X.-C., & Zheng, F.-L. (2011). Assessing the site-specific impacts of climate change on hydrology, soil erosion and crop yields in the Loess Plateau of China. Climatic Change, 105(1), 223-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9875-9
Liu, X., Li, H., Zhang, S., Cruse, R. M., & Zhang, X. (2019). Gully erosion control practices in Northeast China: A review. Sustainability, 11(18), 5065. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11185065
Lou, Y., Wang, W., Guo, M., Guo, W., Kang, H., Feng, L., Zhu, Y., & Yang, H. (2023). Vegetation affects gully headcut erosion processes by regulating runoff hydrodynamics in the Loess tableland region. Journal of Hydrology, 616, 128769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128769
Lou, Y., Zhu, Y., Wei, J., Wang, W., Guo, M., Kang, H., Feng, L., & Yang, H. (2025). Effects of vegetation on runoff hydrodynamics and erosion morphologies in headcut erosion processes in the loess tableland region. Water Resources Research, 61(2), e2024WR038274. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR038274
Lynch, J. (1995). Root architecture and plant productivity. Plant physiology, 109(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.1.7
Madi, H., Mouzai, L., & Bouhadef, M. (2013). Plants cover effects on overland flow and on soil erosion under simulated rainfall intensity. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology.
Maghsoudi M, Goorabi A, Darabi shahmari S.(2014). The Study of Effect of Vegetation Cover Factor on the Water Erosion Case Study: Razin Basin. E.E.R.  3 (4) :43-57. (in Persian). http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-49-fa.html
Mamo, M., & Bubenzer, G. (2001). Detachment rate, soil erodibility, and soil strength as influenced by living plant roots part I: Laboratory study. Transactions of the ASAE, 44(5), 1167. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.6445
McCully, M. E. (1999). Roots in soil: unearthing the complexities of roots and their rhizospheres. Annual review of plant biology, 50(1), 695-718. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.695
Mekuria, W., Phimister, E., Yakob, G., Tegegne, D., Moges, A., Tesfaye, Y., Melaku, D., Gerber, C., Hallett, P. D., & Smith, J. U. (2024). Gully rehabilitation in southern Ethiopia–value and impacts for farmers. Soil, 10(2), 637-654. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-637-2024
Michaletz, S. T., Cheng, D., Kerkhoff, A. J., & Enquist, B. J. (2014). Convergence of terrestrial plant production across global climate gradients. Nature, 512(7512), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13470
Mohammadi, S., Karimzadeh, H. R., and Alizadeh, M. (2018). Spatial estimation of soil erosion in Iran using RUSLE model. Ecohydrology. 5(2), 551–569. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/ije.2018.239777.706
Moradian, M., Gharibzadeh, A., Falahi, M. R., & Jouzi, M. (2012). The role of vegetation cover in reducing soil erosion from a geomorphological perspective. In Proceedings of the 1st National Desert Conference (Science, Technology and Sustainable Development) (Tehran, Iran). (in Persian). https://civilica.com/doc/160504
Morgan, R. P., & Rickson, R. J. (1995). Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control: A Bioengineering Approach: A Bioengineering Approach. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203362136
Nachtergaele, J., Poesen, J., Steegen, A., Takken, I., Beuselinck, L., Vandekerckhove, L., & Govers, G. (2001). The value of a physically based model versus an empirical approach in the prediction of ephemeral gully erosion for loess-derived soils. Geomorphology, 40(3-4), 237-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00046-0
Naz, F., Arif, M., Xue, T., & Li, C. (2024). Artificially remediated plants impact soil physiochemical properties along the riparian zones of the three gorges dam in China. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 7, 1301086. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1301086
Noraei, Z., & Feizi, Z., (2015). Use of Vetiver Grass for Soil and Water Conservation, 3rd National Conference of Scientific Student Associations of Agriculture and Natural Resources Fields, Karaj. (in Persian). https://civilica.com/doc/457563/
Nosko, R., Maliariková, M., Brziak, A., & Kubáň, M. (2019). Formation of gully erosion in the Myjava region. Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering, 27(3), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2019-0023
Nunes, A., Coelho, C. d. O. A., De Almeida, A., & Figueiredo, A. (2010). Soil erosion and hydrological response to land abandonment in a central inland area of Portugal. Land Degradation & Development, 21(3), 260-273. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.973
Osman, N., & Barakbah, S. (2006). Parameters to predict slope stability—soil water and root profiles. Ecological engineering, 28(1), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.04.004
Ou, Y., Rousseau, A. N., Yan, B., Wang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Grass barriers for mitigating diffuse pollution within a source water area-A case study of Northeast China. Agricultural Water Management, 243, 106461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106461
Panagos, P., Borrelli, P., Poesen, J., Ballabio, C., Lugato, E., Meusburger, K., Montanarella, L., & Alewell, C. (2015). The new assessment of soil loss by water erosion in Europe. Environmental science & policy, 54, 438-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.08.012
Parhizkar, M. (2024). Prediction of soil detachment rate by overland flow using root length characteristic: Nonlinear model development. Rhizosphere, 30, 100911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2024.100911
Parhizkar, M., Lucas-Borja, M. E., Denisi, P., Tanaka, N., & Zema, D. A. (2024). Comparing the effects of hydromulching and application of biodegradable plastics on surface runoff and soil erosion in deforested and burned lands. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 72(4), 422-435. https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2024-0028
Parhizkar, M., Lucas‐Borja, M. E., Filianoti, P. G. F., & Zema, D. A. (2025). Effects of Fibrous Roots of Four Herbaceous Species on Water Flow Velocity and Rill Detachment Capacity. Ecohydrology, 18(2), e70016. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.70016
Parsadoust, F., Jaberalansar, Z. and Borhani, M. (2023). Investigating the Vegetation Characteristics of Plant Species That Are Compatible with Protecting Marl Soil in Kashan. Desert Management, 11(2), 61-76. (in Persian). https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.24763985.1402.11.2.5.8
Peymanifard, B., (2007). Studies on Arid and Desert Regions, in Proceedings of Natural      Resources Research, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publications, No. 55, pp. 56-67. (in Persian).
Pollen, N., & Simon, A. (2005). Estimating the mechanical effects of riparian vegetation on stream bank stability using a fiber bundle model. Water Resources Research, 41(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003801
Pourkazem, E. (2020). Characteristics and control of the weed Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass). Green Thought Persian Agriculture Articles. (in Persian). https://allahsoso.blogfa.com/post/1038/-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%81-%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%DB%8C-%D8%9B-Cynodon-dactylon-introduction-control-
PUGNAIRE, F. I., & HAASE, P. (1996). Comparative physiology and growth of two perennial tussock grass species in a semi-arid environment. Annals of Botany, 77(1), 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0010
Qian, X., Zhao, L., Fang, Q., Fan, C., Zi, R., & Fang, F. (2024). Rill formation and evolution caused by upslope inflow and sediment deposition on freshly tilled loose surfaces. Soil and Tillage Research, 235, 105868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2023.105868
Reicosky, D., & Forcella, F. (1998). Cover crop and soil quality interactions in agroecosystems. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 53(3), 224-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224561.1998.12457223
Rengers, F. K., & Tucker, G. (2014). Analysis and modeling of gully headcut dynamics, North American high plains. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 119(5), 983-1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002962
Reubens, B., Poesen, J., Danjon, F., Geudens, G., & Muys, B. (2007). The role of fine and coarse roots in shallow slope stability and soil erosion control with a focus on root system architecture: a review. Trees, 21(4), 385-402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-007-0132-4
Rey, F., Isselin-Nondedeu, F., & Bédécarrats, A. (2005). Vegetation dynamics on sediment deposits upstream of bioengineering works in mountainous marly gullies in a Mediterranean climate (Southern Alps, France). Plant and Soil, 278(1), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-8422-3
Rostedt, M. (2004). Using vetiver for gully erosion control. Beaudesert Landcare Group Inc., Beaudesert, Queensland, Australia, 81-85. https://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/AUJT/10290537.pdf
Santoso, A. A., Rizalihadi, M., & Fauzi, A. (2025). Kajian Besaran Erosi dengan Pengaruh Panjang Alur Terhadap Estimasi Erosi dengan Metode USLE. Journal of The Civil Engineering Student, 7(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.24815/journalces.v7i1.3095
Saravanan, S., Jennifer, J. J., Singh, L., Thiyagarajan, S., & Sankaralingam, S. (2021). Impact of land-use change on soil erosion in the Coonoor Watershed, Nilgiris Mountain Range, Tamil Nadu, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(5), 407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06817-w
Schenk, H. J., & Jackson, R. B. (2005). Mapping the global distribution of deep roots in relation to climate and soil characteristics. Geoderma, 126(1-2), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.11.018
Servati, M. R. , Hosseinzadeh, M. M. , Khezri, S. and Mansouri, A. (2008). The Zoning of Mass Movements in the Sanandaj-Dehgolan Road Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR), 17(68), 25-32. (in Persian). https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.25883860.1387.17.68.5.3
Shāh Karam, B., & Bāyrāmzādeh, V. (2013). Efficiency of exposed-roots of Lour species for estimating soil erosion rate: A case study in Hasanābād Valley, Chālūs. In Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Environmental Protection and Planning, Hamedan.Volume 5, Issue 3, Pages 29-38 (in Persian). https://civilica.com/doc/232294/
Shahbazi, A., & Yazdipour, A. R. (2009). Investigation of the feasibility of controlling gully erosion by vegetative hedgerows in the Salamat area, Ahvaz (Research report). Tehran, Iran: Jihad University Centers. (in Persian). https://www.sid.ir/paper/787357/fa
Shen, H. W., & Li, R.-M. (1973). Rainfall effect on sheet flow over smooth surface. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 99(5), 771-792. https://doi.org/10.1061/JYCEAJ.0003646
Shi, H., Wang, Y., Cheng, Z., Ye, T., & Chan, Z. (2012). Analysis of natural variation in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) reveals physiological responses underlying drought tolerance. PLoS One, 7(12), e53422. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053422
Shinohara, H., Mori, A., Yasue, N., Sumida, K., & Matsubayashi, Y. (2016). Identification of three LRR-RKs involved in perception of root meristem growth factor in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(14), 3897-3902. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522639113
Simon, A., & Collison, A. J. (2002). Quantifying the mechanical and hydrologic effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 27(5), 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.325
Smit, G., & Rethman, N. (2000). The influence of tree thinning on the soil water in a semi-arid savanna of southern Africa. Journal of Arid Environments, 44(1), 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0576
Snow, N., Peterson, P. M., Romaschenko, K., & Simon, B. K. (2018). Monograph of Diplachne (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae). PhytoKeys(93), 1. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.93.21079
Sun, L., Fang, H., Qi, D., Li, J., & Cai, Q. (2013). A review on rill erosion process and its influencing factors. Chinese geographical science, 23, 389-402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-013-0612-y
Talaei, R., Rostamikia, Y., Azimi Motem, F., Jafari Ardakani, A., & Peyrowan, H. (2022). A Method for Selecting Suitable Plant Species to Control of Rill and Gully Erosion in South of Ardabil Province. Water and Soil Science, 32(4), 117-133.‏ (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/ws.2021.41467.2373
Tian, P., Gong, Y., Hao, F., Chen, L., Yang, Y., Guo, W., Wu, H., & Zhang, W. (2022). Comparing erosion and rill development processes by simulated upslope inflow in two red soils from subtropical China. Catena, 213, 106139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106139
Vaezi, A. R. and Bakhshi Rad, O. (2020). Study of Morphometric Characteristics of Gullies and Factors Affecting Gully Development in Dryland Farming Area in South of East-Azarbaijan Province. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 51(6), 1373-1384. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2020.277316.668141
Vaezi, A. R., & Varghaei, L. (2023). Investigating the effect of cultivated furrow length on rill erosion and eroded grain size in a rainfed field. Applied Soil Research, 11(2), 59-70. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.30466/asr.2023.121365
Valentin, C., Poesen, J., & Li, Y. (2005). Gully erosion: Impacts, factors and control. Catena, 63(2-3), 132-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.06.001
Van Der Putten, W. H., Bardgett, R., de Ruiter, P. C., Hol, W., Meyer, K. M., Bezemer, T. M., Bradford, M., Christensen, S., Eppinga, M., & Fukami, T. (2009). Empirical and theoretical challenges in aboveground–belowground ecology. Oecologia, 161(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1351-8
Vannoppen, W., Vanmaercke, M., De Baets, S., & Poesen, J. (2015). A review of the mechanical effects of plant roots on concentrated flow erosion rates. Earth-Science Reviews, 150, 666-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.08.011
Waldron, L., & Dakessian, S. (1982). Effect of grass, legume, and tree roots on soil shearing resistance. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 46(5), 894-899. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1982.03615995004600050002x
Wang, H., Zhang, G.-h., & Wang, J. (2022). Plant community near-surface characteristics as drivers of soil erodibility variation along a slope gradient in a typical semiarid region of China. Catena, 212, 106108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106108
Wang, J. F., Yang, Y. F., Wang, B., & Liu, G. B. (2025). Distinguishing the effects of vegetation characteristics on soil erosion process on the loess plateau of China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 50(2), e70011. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70011
Wang JunGuang, W. J., Li ZhaoXia, L. Z., Cai ChongFa, C. C., Yang Wei, Y. W., Ma RenMing, M. R., & Zhang GuoBiao, Z. G. (2011). Quantitative relationships of detachment rate of red soil in concentrated flow with soil aggregate characteristics and soil shear strength. https://doi.org/10.5555/20123112718
Wang, Y., Yao, Y., Han, B., Liu, B., Wang, X., Ma, L., Chen, X., & Li, Z. (2024). Augmenting the stability of soil aggregate carbon with nutrient management in worldwide croplands. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 370, 109052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109052
Wardle, D. A., Bardgett, R. D., Klironomos, J. N., Setala, H., Van Der Putten, W. H., & Wall, D. H. (2004). Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. science, 304(5677), 1629-1633. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094875
Whalley, W. R., Riseley, B., Leeds‐Harrison, P. B., Bird, N. R., Leech, P. K., & Adderley, W. P. (2005). Structural differences between bulk and rhizosphere soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 56(3), 353-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00670.x
Wirtz, S., Seeger, M., & Ries, J. (2012). Field experiments for understanding and quantification of rill erosion processes. Catena, 91, 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2010.12.002
Xu, Q., Chen, W., Zhao, K., Zhou, X., Du, P., Guo, C., Ju, Y., & Pu, C. (2021). Effects of land-use management on soil erosion: A case study in a typical watershed of the hilly and gully region on the Loess Plateau of China. Catena, 206, 105551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105551
Xu, Y., Guo, Y., Huang, Z., Liu, D., Huang, Q., & Tang, H. (2023). Study on Cynodon dactylon root system affecting dry–wet cracking behavior and shear strength characteristics of expansive soil. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 13052. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39770-7
Xu, Y., Luo, L., Guo, W., Jin, Z., Tian, P., & Wang, W. (2024). Revegetation changes main erosion type on the gully–slope on the Chinese Loess Plateau under extreme rainfall: reducing gully erosion and promoting shallow landslides. Water Resources Research, 60(3), e2023WR036307. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036307
Yang, Y., Liu, B.-R., & An, S.-S. (2018). Ecological stoichiometry in leaves, roots, litters and soil among different plant communities in a desertified region of Northern China. Catena, 166, 328-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.04.018
Zegeye, A. D., Langendoen, E. J., Tilahun, S. A., Mekuria, W., Poesen, J., & Steenhuis, T. S. (2018). Root reinforcement to soils provided by common Ethiopian highland plants for gully erosion control. Ecohydrology, 11(6), e1940. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1940
Zeng, R., Zhang, G., Su, X., & Wang, C. (2024). Soil erosion resistance of gully system under different plant communities on the Loess Plateau of China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 49(6), 1748-1761. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5795
Zhang, M., Zhang, K., Cen, Y., Wang, P., & Xia, J. (2025). Effects of grass cover on the overland soil erosion mechanism under simulated rainfall. Water Resources Research, 61(2), e2023WR036888. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036888
Zhao, J., Vanmaercke, M., Chen, L., & Govers, G. (2016). Vegetation cover and topography rather than human disturbance control gully density and sediment production on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Geomorphology, 274, 92-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.022
Zhu, H., Fu, B., Wang, S., Zhu, L., Zhang, L., Jiao, L., & Wang, C. (2015). Reducing soil erosion by improving community functional diversity in semi‐arid grasslands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52(4), 1063-1072. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12442
 
تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 57، شماره 1
فروردین 1405
صفحه 249-281

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار