ارزیابی کمی کیفیت خاک تحت سامانه‌های مدیریتی مرتع در استان زنجان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

10.22059/ijswr.2025.403694.670018

چکیده

ارزیابی کمی کیفیت خاک جهت بررسی عملکرد خاک و شناسایی روش‌های مدیریتی مناسب خاک امری ضروری است. این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی کمی کیفیت خاک در مراتع نیمه‌خشک استان زنجان تحت سه سامانه مدیریتی شامل مرتع طبیعی (بدون مدیریت)، قرق همراه با بذرپاشی و نهال‌کاری، انجام شد. ابتدا ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک در عمق 0–30 سانتی‌متر اندازه‌گیری و با تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی حداقل مجموعه داده تعیین گردید. شاخص‌های کیفیت خاک با توابع نمره‌دهی خطی و غیرخطی و ادغام افزایشی و وزنی محاسبه گردید و برای مقایسه کارایی شاخص‌ها از تحلیل تشخیص استفاده شد. بر اساس تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی پنج شناسه کلیدی شامل میانگین هندسی قطر خاک‌دانه (GMD)، رطوبت قابل‌دسترس گیاه (AW)، هدایت الکتریکی (EC)، پتاسیم قابل‌جذب (K) و جرم مخصوص ظاهری (BD) انتخاب شد. نتایج نشان داد سامانه‌های احیایی نسبت به مرتع طبیعی به‌طور معنی‌داری کیفیت خاک را بهبود داده‌اند؛ به‌ویژه در نهال‌کاری، کاهش BD و افزایشGMD، AW و K مشاهده شد، هرچند در این سامانه EC اندکی بالاتر بود. تحلیل تشخیص نشان داد شاخص ساده خطی غیر‌وزنی بیشترین توان تفکیک سامانه‌های مدیریتی را داشته و به‌عنوان شاخص برتر برای پایش میدانی پیشنهاد می‌شود. به‌طور کلی، اعمال قرق و نهال‌کاری در مراتع نیمه‌خشک با بهبود هم‌زمان ویژگی‌های ساختمانی، وضعیت رطوبتی و حاصلخیزی، موجب ارتقای معنی‌دار کیفیت خاک شده و می‌تواند راهبردی مؤثر برای احیای کارکردهای اکوسیستم مرتعی و مدیریت پایدار منابع طبیعی در استان زنجان و مناطق مشابه باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Quantitative Assessment of Soil Quality Under Rangeland Management Systems in Zanjan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Shamkhani 1
  • Mohammad Sadegh Askari 1
  • Ali Reza Vaezi 2
  • Parisa Alamdari 2
1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

A quantitative assessment of soil quality is essential for evaluating soil functionality and determining appropriate soil management strategies.This study aimed to quantitatively assess soil quality in semi-arid rangelands of Zanjan Province under three management systems: natural rangeland (unmanaged), grazing exclosure with reseeding, and seedling planting (afforestation). Physical, chemical, and biological soil properties were measured at 0–30 cm depth, and a minimum data set (MDS) was identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Soil quality indices (SQIs) were determined using both linear and nonlinear scoring functions, which were subsequently integrated using additive and weighted methods. The efficacy of the models was evaluated using discriminant analysis. PCA identified five critical indicators for MDS, including geometric mean diameter of aggregates (GMD), plant-available water (AW), electrical conductivity (EC), available potassium (K), and bulk density (BD). The findings indicate that the implementation of restorative systems led to a significant enhancement in soil quality compared to natural rangelands. Specifically, the seedling-planting system demonstrated reduced BD and increased GMD, AW, and K, although there was a slight increase in EC in this system. Discriminant analysis indicated that the simple, unweighted linear SQI provided the greatest power to discriminate among management systems and is recommended as a superior index for field monitoring. The simultaneous application of exclosure and seedling planting in semi-arid rangelands has been demonstrated to improve soil structural properties, moisture levels and fertility. This approach significantly improves soil quality and offers an effective strategy for restoring rangeland ecosystem functions and promoting sustainable natural resource management in the Zanjan Province and similar regions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Multivariate analysis
  • discriminant analysis
  • soil quality indicators
  • minimum dataset

Introduction

Rangelands constitute 54% of the Earth's terrestrial surface and account for 52% of the land area of Iran. A significant portion of these Iranian rangelands is experiencing degradation owing to excessive utilization. Although vegetation recovery is evident in some regions, the responses of soils, including their structure, organic matter, nutrients, and microbial communities, remain poorly understood. Overgrazing results in decreased soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and biological activity, while simultaneously increasing soil bulk density and risk of erosion.

Objective

 The objectives were to (a) identify a minimum dataset of soil quality indicators for semi-arid rangelands, (b) compare scoring methods for indexing soil quality, and (c) evaluate the effectiveness of restoration interventions in enhancing soil physical, chemical, and biological properties.

Method

This study was conducted in the Qezeltepe region, which is characterized as a semiarid climate and receives an annual precipitation of 359.8 mm. This study assessed soil quality across three management systems in Zanjan Province, northwestern Iran: (i) natural rangeland without management, (ii) grazing exclusion with native reseeding, and (iii) seedling planting (afforestation). In the spring of 2023, 60 composite topsoil samples (0–30 cm; n = 20 per management) were collected using a random method within 40 × 40 m plots. Intact soil cores were collected for analysis, and 26 properties were quantified using established laboratory techniques. The data were assessed for normality and homoscedasticity, followed by ANOVA and LSD post-hoc tests to compare the management practices. Principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation was employed to identify the minimum dataset (MDS). The MDS variables were scored using both linear and sigmoidal nonlinear functions. These scores were then aggregated in two ways: simple additive and PCA-weighted additive, yielding four soil quality indices (SQIs): linear additive, nonlinear additive, linear weighted, and nonlinear weighted. Discriminant analysis was used to determine which SQI best distinguished the management operations.

Results

Among the 26 properties analyzed, 19 showed significant variations in response to the management practices. Compared with natural rangelands, both grazing exclusion and afforestation decreased bulk density (BD) and soil compaction while simultaneously increasing the geometric mean diameter (GMD) and soil structure index. These management practices also enhanced the saturated hydraulic conductivity, total porosity, macroporosity, and aeration capacity, indicating improved infiltration. Furthermore, soil water retention was enhanced, as evidenced by increases in field capacity and available water (AW), with the latter rising from 6.5% in natural rangelands to over 8% in afforested areas. From a chemical perspective, the levels of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were elevated under exclusion and afforestation conditions. In contrast, available potassium (K) increased specifically with afforestation, whereas available phosphorus was more prevalent in restored systems. In biological terms, both microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration increased in the restoration treatments. Notably, microbial biomass carbon exceeded 500 mg kg⁻¹ in afforestation, indicating enhanced moisture conditions. The highest levels of electrical conductivity (EC) were recorded under afforestation conditions while remaining within non-saline thresholds. However, this indicates a potential accumulation of salts. PCA explained 76% of the total variance across three components and identified a five-indicator minimum dataset: GMD, AW, EC, K, and BD. All SQIs consistently ranked the systems, indicating that restoration was superior to the natural rangeland. Discriminant analysis (Wilks' λ≈0.53; χ² significant at p<0.001) indicated that the linear, unweighted SQI demonstrated the highest-class separation coefficient. This finding suggests that a simple additive index derived from the MDS effectively captures the management effects.

Conclusion

In the semi-arid rangelands of Zanjan, five indicators (GMD, AW, EC, K, and BD) constitute a MDS that is responsive to management practices. The exclusion of grazing, combined with reseeding and afforestation, significantly improved the soil structure, water retention, fertility, and microbial activity within the upper 30 cm of the soil profile. The linear SQI derived from this MDS effectively differentiates management outcomes, making it highly suitable for monitoring by land managers. Although afforestation presents numerous benefits, the observed rise in EC necessitates the implementation of adaptive salinity management strategies. The MDS-based SQI is a practical tool for prioritizing sites, monitoring ecological recovery, and guiding policy decisions aimed at reversing rangeland degradation and enhancing ecosystem services, such as carbon storage, water regulation, and forage provision across semi-arid landscapes.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Shamkhani and Askari; methodology: Shamkhani; software analysis: Shamkhani and Askari; writing—original draft preparation: Shamkhani; review and editing: Askari and Alamdari; supervision: Askari and Vaezi.

 Data Availability Statement

 The data will be made available upon request.

 Ethical considerations

 The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and other forms of misconduct.

 Conflict of interest

 The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 56، شماره 11
بهمن 1404
صفحه 3061-3086

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