بررسی اثر دوده کربن بر توزیع شیمیایی سرب و برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز

3 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران

10.22059/ijswr.2025.398911.669980

چکیده

فلزات سنگین به شکل‌های شیمیایی مختلف در خاک حضور دارند که این موضوع بر واکنش‌پذیری، پویایی و فراهمی زیستی آن‌ها تأثیرگذار است. به منظور بررسی اثر دوده کربن بر توزیع شیمیایی سرب و برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک در خاک آلوده به سرب، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه‌ کاملاً تصادفی با 3 سطح آلودگی (صفر، 50 و 100 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم) و 4 سطح دوده کربن (صفر، 1، 2 و 4 درصد وزنی) در 4 تکرار انجام شد. توزیع شیمیایی سرب در خاک به روش تسیر تعیین گردید. برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک از جمله میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه (MWD) و رطوبت خاک در مکش‌های 1/0، 3/0، 5/0، 5 و 15 بار در تیمارهای مختلف اندازه‌گیری شد. کاربرد دوده کربن موجب کاهش معنی‌دار سرب در بخش تبادلی به مقدار 49/4 درصد و افزایش معنی‌دار دیگر شکل‌های سرب در خاک (کربناته، متصل به اکسید آهن-منگنز، متصل به ماده آلی و باقیمانده) گردید. بیشترین پایداری خاکدانه مربوط به تیمار 4 درصد دوده کربن بود و دوده کربن در این سطح، پایداری خاکدانه را 05/21 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش داد؛ همچنین موجب افزایش معنی‌دار رطوبت خاک در مکش‌های مختلف به جزء مکش 15 بار گردید. به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه‌ گرفت که افزودن دوده کربن به خاک، موجب تغییر شکل شیمیایی سرب از شکل ناپایدار (قابل تبادل) به اشکال با پایداری بیشتر مانند متصل به اکسیدها، ماده آلی و باقیمانده می‌گردد و در نتیجه تحرک فلز در خاک کاهش می‌یابد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the effect of carbon black on chemical fractions of lead and some physical properties of soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Neda Maraghi 1
  • Nafiseh Rangzan 1
  • Naeimeh Enayatizamir 2
  • mohammadreza ansari 3
1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Khuzestan, Iran
2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
3 Department of Soil Science, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Heavy metals exist in soil in various chemical forms, and this distribution of chemical forms affects their reactivity, dynamics, and bioavailability. To investigate the effect of carbon black on the chemical distribution of lead and some physical properties of soil in contaminated soil, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with 3 contamination levels (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and 4 carbon black levels (0, 1, 2, and 4 % W/W) in 4 replications. Chemical fractions of lead were determined by Tessier method. Some physical properties of the soil, including the mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates and soil moisture at suctions of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 5, and 15 bars, were measured in different treatments. The application of carbon black significantly reduced lead in the exchangeable fraction by 4.49% and significantly increased other forms of lead in the soil (carbonates, bound to iron-manganese oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual). The highest soil aggregate stability was related to the 4% carbon black treatment, which increased aggregate stability by 21.05% compared to the control. It also significantly increased soil moisture at different suctions, except for the 15 bar suction. In general, it can be concluded that adding carbon black to the soil causes the transformation of elements from an unstable form (exchangeable form) to stable forms (forms bound to oxides and organic matter and residual), resulting in reduced metal mobility in the soil.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chemical fractionations
  • Lead
  • Carbon black
  • Soil physical properties

Introduction

Soil contamination with heavy metals, particularly lead, poses a global challenge with detrimental effects on human health and ecosystems. Traditional methods for removing heavy metals from soil are often costly and environmentally disruptive. Therefore, development of novel and sustainable approaches for stabilizing and reducing the bioavailability of lead in soil is of paramount importance. Carbon black, an industrial byproduct with a high specific surface area and strong adsorption properties, has garnered significant attention as a promising soil amendment. This study investigates the effect of carbon black on chemical fractions of lead, aggregate stability, and soil moisture retention curve in lead-contaminated soils, with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the role of this material in reducing the risks associated with lead contamination and improving soil quality.

Purpose

This research is conducted to investigate the effect of carbon black on chemical fractions of lead and some physical properties of soil.

Research Method

To investigate the effect of carbon black on chemical fractions of lead and some physical properties of soil, an experiment was conducted in a factorial design with a completely randomized layout involving two factors. The factors included lead (zero (control), 50, and 100 mg per kg from lead nitrate) and carbon black (zero (control), 1%, 2%, and 4% w/w). The required amount of soil for the study was collected from a depth of 0 to 30 centimeters. The chemical fractions of lead was measured using the Tessie sequential extraction procedures method and atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates was evaluated using mechanical shaker and soil moisture at suctions of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 5, and 15 bars were measured using pressure plates for determination of soil moisture retention curve. Subsequently, using the Van Genuchten-Mualem model in the RETC software, the moisture content of the soil samples in different treatments was estimated at various potentials. Data analysis for this experiment was performed using SAS software. Averages were compared using Tukey’s method at a significance level of 5%. Excel software was used to create the charts.

Results

Carbon black application significantly reduced extractable lead compared to the control. Carbon black application caused a notable change in the chemical fractions of lead in the soil. Specifically, increasing carbon black levels at 1, 2 and 4% resulted in an increase in stable and less/unavailable forms of lead (bound to iron-manganese oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual) and a decrease in readily available forms of lead (soluble and exchangeable) compared to the control. These changes is related to reduce risk of lead transfer into the food chain. Furthermore, carbon black, particularly at the 4% level, improved soil aggregate stability. The soil water retention curve was also affected by carbon black, increasing the water holding capacity of the soil. These positive changes can contribute to improved soil structure.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that carbon black can be used as an effective amendment for lead-contaminated soils. By changing the chemical fractions of lead, improving soil aggregate stability, and increasing water retention capacity, carbon black can help reduce the environmental risks associated with lead and improve soil quality. These findings could be utilized in the development of sustainable strategies for managing contaminated soils and protecting natural resources.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, N.M and N.R.; methodology, N.M, N.R, N.E and M.A.; software, N.R, N.E and M.A; validation, N.R, N.E and M.A.; formal analysis, N.M; investigation, N.R, N.E and M.A.; resources, N.R, N.E and M.A.; data curation, N.M.; writing-original draft preparation, N.M.; writing-review and editing, N.R, N.E and M.A.; visualization, N.R.; supervision, N.R.; project administration, N.R.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resourses University of Khuzestan for providing the research facilities needed for this study.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 56، شماره 10
دی 1404
صفحه 2865-2886

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