بررسی تأثیر فرسایش آبی بر تغییرات ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک در حوضه آبخیز منزلاب، شهرستان زاهدان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل

2 گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.

3 گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل. زابل، ایران.

4 گروه مهندسی طبیعت، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه یاسوج. یاسوج، ایران.

چکیده

در این پژوهش، تأثیر فرسایش آبی بر تغییرات ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک در حوضه آبخیز منزلاب، به‌عنوان واحد مطالعاتی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نمونه‌برداری خاک (عمق ۳۰-۰ سانتی‌متر) در چهار وضعیت شامل بدون فرسایش، فرسایش کم، فرسایش متوسط و شدید در پلات‌های با ابعاد مشخص انجام شد. پارامترهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک شامل بافت خاک، وزن مخصوص ظاهری، تخلخل، محتوی رطوبت خاک، اسیدیته، هدایت الکتریکی، آهک، کربن آلی، نیتروژن  کل، فسفر و پتاسیم قابل دسترس  برای ارزیابی عملکرد کلی خاک اندازه‌گیری شد.  شاخص‌های زیستی خاک شامل فعالیت آنزیمی خاک، کربن و نیتروژن زیتوده میکروبی، جمعیت میکروارگانیسم‌ها، سهم میکروبی خاک و تنفس میکروبی پایه اندازه‌گیری گردید. آنالیز داده‌ها تحت تجزیه واریانس یکطرفه با سه تکرار با نرم‌افزار SPSS انجام گرفت. یافته‌های حاصل از تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که شدت فرسایش تأثیر معنی‌داری بر تمامی ویژگی‌های فیزیکیو شیمیایی و زیستی خاک دارد. با افزایش شدت فرسایش کربن آلی،  نیتروژن کل، مقدار پتاسیم، فسفر و تخلخل خاک کاهش یافت. برخلاف عناصر غذایی، اسیدیته، هدایت الکتریکی و آهک و وزن مخصوص ظاهری خاک با افزایش شدت فرسایش به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت. نتایج نشان داد که شدت فرسایش تأثیر قابل‌توجهی بر کلیه شاخص‌های زیستی دارد. شدت فرسایش، روند کاهشی معنی‌داری بر تمامی پارامترهای زیستی داشت که نشان‌دهنده افت کیفیت زیستی و اختلال در فعالیت میکروبی خاک است. به طور کلی تغییرات در ویژگی های میکروبیوتای خاک به شدت با تغییرات ناشی از فرسایش در خصوصیات فیزیکیوشیمیایی خاک مرتبط است. بنابراین، انجام اقدامات حفاظتی و مدیریتی مؤثر قبل از تخریب بیشتر در مناطق فرسایشی توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of the Effects of Water Erosion on Changes in Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties in the Monzelab Watershed, Zahedan County

نویسندگان [English]

  • Morteza Saberi 1
  • Mohammad Reza Dahmardeh Ghaleno 2
  • Rasool Khatibi 3
  • Vahid Karimian 4
1 Rangeland and Watershed Management Department, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol
2 Rangeland and Watershed Management Department, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
3 Rangeland and Watershed Management Department, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol. Zabol, Iran
4 Nature Engineering of Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The present study investigated the effect of water erosion on changes in the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties in the Manzlab watershed as a study unit. We conducted soil sampling (0-30 cm depth)  in four conditions: no erosion, low erosion, moderate erosion, and severe erosion in plots with specific dimensions. The physical and chemical characteristics of the soil were measured, including soil texture, bulk density, porosity, soil moisture content, acidity, electrical conductivity, lime, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and potassium to evaluate the overall soil performance. Soil biological indicators were measured, including soil enzymatic activity, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, microorganism population, soil microbial contribution, and basal microbial respiration. Data analysis was done using a one-way analysis of variance with three replications using SPSS software. The findings from the variance analysis showed that erosion intensity affects all physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil significantly. With increasing erosion intensity, total carbon, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and soil porosity decreased. Unlike nutrients, acidity, electrical conductivity, and lime and soil bulk density increased significantly with increasing erosion intensity. The results showed that erosion intensity affects all biological indicators significantly. Erosion intensity had a significant decreasing trend on all biological parameters, which indicates a decrease in biological quality and disruption in soil microbial activity. Generally, changes in soil microbiota characteristics are strongly related to erosion-induced changes in soil physicochemical properties. Therefore, the utility of effective conservation and management measures is advocated to prevent further degradation in erosion-affected areas.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil microbial diversity
  • Soil fertility
  • Erosion intensity
  • Biological quality

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

Despite the known effects of water erosion, integrated assessments of its impact on multiple soil properties are limited, particularly in vulnerable regions like the Manzlab watershed. The present study investigated the effect of water erosion on changes in the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties in the Manzlab watershed as a study unit.

Method

To assess the impact of water erosion on various soil properties, a systematic sampling and analysis procedure was conducted across different erosion intensities in the study area

Study Design and Sampling Procedures

We conducted soil sampling (0-30 cm depth)  in four conditions: no erosion, low erosion, moderate erosion, and severe erosion in plots with specific dimensions.

Physical and Chemical Soil Analyses

The physical and chemical characteristics of the soil were measured, including:

  • Soil texture
  • Bulk density
  • Porosity
  • Soil moisture content
  • pH (acidity)
  • Electrical conductivity (EC)
  • Lime content
  • Organic carbon
  • Total nitrogen
  • Available phosphorus
  • Available potassium

These parameters were analyzed to evaluate overall soil quality and performance under different erosion levels.

Biological Indicators Assessment

  • Soil biological indicators were also measured, including:
  • Soil enzymatic activity
  • Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN)
  • Microorganism population
  • Soil microbial contribution
  • Basal microbial respiration

These indicators provided insight into the biological health and microbial functionality of the soil.

Data Analysis

Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with three replications. All analyses were performed using SPSS software.

Results

The findings from the variance analysis showed that erosion intensity affects all physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil significantly. With increasing erosion intensity, total carbon, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and soil porosity decreased. Unlike nutrients, acidity, electrical conductivity, and lime and soil bulk density increased significantly with increasing erosion intensity. The results showed that erosion intensity affects all biological indicators significantly. Erosion intensity had a significant decreasing trend on all biological parameters, which indicates a decrease in biological quality and disruption in soil microbial activity.

Conclusions

Generally, changes in soil microbiota characteristics are strongly related to erosion-induced changes in soil physicochemical properties. Therefore, the utility of effective conservation and management measures is advocated to prevent further degradation in erosion-affected areas.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Morteza Saberi; methodology, Morteza Saberi and Vahid Karimian; Software and validation, Morteza Saberi and Rasol Khatibi; Investigation and resources, Mohammad Reza Dahmardeh Ghaleno; data curation, Rasol Khatibi; writing- original draft preparation, Morteza Saberi; writing-review and editing, Mohammad Reza Dahmardeh Ghaleno, Vahid Karimian and Rasol Khatibi; visualization  Mohammad Reza Dahmardeh Ghaleno; supervision, project administration and funding acquisition, Morteza Saberi. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

Data available on request from the authors.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the University of Zabol (Grant code: IR-UOZ-GR-8721) for conducting this research.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct. The study involved only soil sampling and laboratory analysis, without any interaction with humans or animals; hence, ethical approval was not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 56، شماره 7
مهر 1404
صفحه 1781-1798

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