تاثیر میکروپلاستیک پلی‌اتیلن سنگین و بیوچار کود گاوی بر کربن، نیتروژن و برخی از ویژگی‌های زیستی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر ذرات میکروپلاستیک پلی‌اتیلن سنگین و بیوچار کود گاوی بر کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل و برخی از ویژگی‌های زیستی موثر بر چرخه کربن و نیتروژن در خاک انجام شد. آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با تیمارهای شامل خاک شاهد، میکروپلاستیک پلی‌اتیلن سنگین (2 درصد)، بیوچار (2 درصد) و مخلوط میکروپلاستیک (2 درصد) و بیوچار (2 درصد) در سه تکرار انجام شد. خاک­های تیمار شده به مدت 60 روز در دمای آزمایشگاه و رطوبت 70 درصد ظرفیت زراعی نگهداری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که بیوچار و بیوچار همراه با میکروپلاستیک باعث افزایش کربن آلی و نیتروژن کل خاک شدند. میکروپلاستیک و بیوچار به تنهایی و کاربرد همزمان هر دو موجب کاهش معنی‌دار تنفس میکروبی خاک شدند. تیمارهای آزمایشی تاثیر معنی‌داری بر نیتروژن زیست توده میکروبی نداشتند (05/0 .(p>میکروپلاستیک تاثیر معنی­داری بر کربن زیست توده میکروبی خاک نداشت، ولی بیوچار و بیوچار به همراه میکروپلاستیک باعث افزایش 51/73 و 66/78 درصدی کربن زیست توده میکروبی نسبت به خاک شاهد شد. چنین روندی در مورد نسبت کربن به نیتروژن زیست توده میکروبی نیز مشاهده شد. میکروپلاستیک تاثیر معنی‌داری بر فعالیت آنزیم اوره‌آز، معدنی­شدن و نیتریفیکاسیون خالص نیتروژن نداشت، ولی کاربرد همزمان بیوچار و میکروپلاستیک باعث افزایش 08/68 درصدی اوره‌آز و کاهش غیرمعنی‌دار نیتریفیکاسیون و معدنی­شدن خالص نیتروژن نسبت به شاهد شد. درمجموع، نتایج نشان داد که اگرچه پلی‌اتیلن سنگین تاثیر چشمگیری بر اکثر ویژگی­های اندازه­گیری شده این پژوهش ندارد ولی بیوچار می­تواند با تغییر مقدار کربن و نیتروژن و ویژگی­های زیستی خاک بر چرخه کربن و نیتروژن خاک آلوده و غیرآلوده به میکروپلاستیک موثر باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of high-density polyethylene microplastic and cow manure biochar on carbon, nitrogen and some biological properties of soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahshid Mahsefat 1
  • Safoora Nahidan 2
1 Department of Soil Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
2 Department of Soil Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
چکیده [English]

This study investigated the effect of high-density polyethylene microplastic and cow manure biochar on soil organic C, total N and some biological properties affecting carbon and nitrogen cycling. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with treatments including control soil, high-density polyethylene microplastic (2%), biochar (2%) and a mixture of microplastic (2%) and biochar (2%) in three replicates. The soil samples were incubated for 60 days at laboratory temperature and 70% field capacity. The findings indicated that biochar and the combination of biochar and microplastic increased soil organic C and total N. The use of microplastic and biochar in soil either alone or in combination, caused a significant decrease in soil microbial respiration. Experimental treatments did not have a significant effect on microbial biomass nitrogen (p>0.05). Microplastic had no significant effect on microbial biomass carbon but biochar and biochar with microplastic additions caused a significant increase by 73.51 and 78.66%, respectively. A similar trend was observed in the ratio of microbial biomass carbon to microbial biomass nitrogen. Microplastic did not have a significant effect on urease activity, net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification, but biochar with microplastic application caused an 68.08% increase of urease activity and an insignificant decrease of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification compared to the control.The results showed that although high-density polyethylene microplastic does not have a significant effect on most of the measured soil parameters, biochar can affect the carbon and nitrogen cycling in uncontaminated and microplastic-contaminated soil by altering C and N content as well as biological properties.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Basal respiration
  • Microbial biomass
  • Nitrogen mineralization
  • Urease

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Background and objectives

Today, a concern called "emerging pollutants" such as microplastics, has received the attention of international and scientific communities. In general, microplastics (plastic particles smaller than 5 mm) can enter the soil from various sources, including landfills, vehicle tire wear, plastics left in the environment, and irrigation with sludge, soil amendments, organic fertilizers and sewage sludge and plastic mulch and atmospheric sediments. Most microplastics in agricultural soils are polypropylene and polyethylene. Microplastics according to their size, type, shape and quantity in soil can have different effects on the soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Soil microorganisms play a vital role in the soil ecosystem through influencing the biochemical elements cycling such as carbon and nitrogen. Therefore, the changes created on the microbial community by microplastics can affect the biochemical elements cycling, finally affect soil health and function. Biochar, as a rich source of carbon produced in anairobic or low-oxygen conditions by pyrolysis of organic materials such as wood, agricultural and factory wastes, manure, and urban waste, has attracted attention of many researchers. Many studies have shown that application of biochar in the soil can improve the soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Despite this, the knowledge about the effect of biochar application on biological properties related to nutrient cycling of soil contaminated with microplastics is low and requires more investigations. Therefore, the current research aims to investigate the effect of high-density polyethylene microplastic particles and cow manure biochar on organic C, total N and some biological properties of soil affecting carbon and nitrogen cycling, including microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, urease activity, net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification.

Materials and methods

The experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three replicates. The treatments included control soil, high-density polyethylene microplastic (2%), biochar (2%) and a mixture of microplastic and biochar (2%+2%), which were incubated for 60 days at laboratory temperature and 70% of field capacity. At the end of the incubation period, some soil properties such as organic C, total N, microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, urease activity and net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification were measured.

Results

The results showed that biochar and the combination of biochar and microplastic increased soil organic C and total N. Application of microplastic and biochar in the soil alone and in combination caused a significant decrease in soil microbial basal respiration by 6.89%, 15.10% and 16.31%, in compare to the control, respectively. Experimental treatments had no significant effect on microbial biomass nitrogen (p>0.05), but they were significant on microbial biomass carbon and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen microbial biomass (p<0.05). The results showed that although microplastic caused an insignificant decrease in soil microbial biomass carbon compared to control, adding of biochar and biochar with microplastics significantly increased microbial biomass carbon by 73.50% and 78.66%, respectively, compared to control. Microplastic alone had no significant effect on the ratio of carbon to nitrogen microbial biomass but the ratio was higher for the biochar treatment alone and with microplastic combination than the control by 79.54% and 84.57%, respectively. The results also showed that microplastic did not have a significant effect on urease enzyme activity, but biochar alone and with microplastic combination caused an increase of 86.66% and 213.33% compared to the control soil, respectively. Microplastic did not have a significant effect on the net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification, but the use of biochar alone and with microplastic combination significantly reduced net nitrogen nitrification by 83.33% and 116.66%, and net nitrogen mineralization by 13.43% and 8.95% in compare to the control, respectively.

Conclusion

The results showed that biochar and biochar combined with microplastic increasd soil organic C and total N. Microplastics reduced the soil microbial respiration. The use of biochar reduced microbial respiration in soil with and without microplastic. Microplastics did not have a significant effect on other measured characteristics, but the application of biochar in soil with and without microplastic increased microbial biomass carbon, ratio of carbon to nitrogen microbial biomass and urease activity. The application of biochar alone and with microplastic combination caused a significant reduction in soil net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification. The results generally showed that soil contamination with high density polyethylene microplastic in the applying concentration does not have a significant effect on organic C, total N and the measured biological properties of soil (except for microbial respiration), but biochar can affect the carbon and nitrogen cycling in both uncontaminated and microplastic-contaminated by changing the content of carbon and nitrogen and biological properties.

Author Contribution

Conceptualization, M.M and S.N.; methodology, M.M and S.N.; software, M.M; validation, S.N.; formal analysis, M.M; investigation, M.M and S.N.; resources, S.N.; data curation, M.M.; writing-original draft preparation, M.M.; writing-review and editing, S.N.; visualization, S.N.; supervision, S.N.; project administration, S.N.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

Data is available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful to the Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran, for  supporting this research. 

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 56، شماره 5
مرداد 1404
صفحه 1289-1307

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