مروری بر برخی مطالعات، روش‌ها و برآوردهای فرسایش خاک و رسوبدهی در ایران

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کردستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

2 بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

3 بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

چکیده

فرسایش خاک و تولید رسوب از جمله تهدیدهای جدی محیط‌زیستی در جهان به شمار می‌رود که تاثیرات منفی زیادی بر کشاورزی، منابع طبیعی و بوم‌سازگان دارد. عدم اطلاع کافی از نتایج روش‌های مختلف برآورد و اندازه‌گیری فرسایش خاک به عنوان یک چالش جدی در مطالعات فرسایش خاک کشور مطرح است. این پژوهش برخی از مهمترین مطالعات انجام‌شده در زمینه فرسایش خاک و رسوبدهی در ایران را بررسی می‌نماید. در ابتدا، مطالعات فرسایش آبی انجام گرفته در داخل کشور در بین سال‌های 1351 و 1403 در پایگاه‌های مختلف علمی مانند پایگاه مرکز اطلاعات علمی جهاد دانشگاهی، بانک اطلاعات نشریات کشور و Google Scholar جست‌و‌جو و جمع‌آوری شد. منابع علمی مزبور از جوانب و دیدگاه‌های مختلف طبقه‌بندی شده و مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. سپس روش‌های مختلف اندازه‌گیری و برآورد فرسایش خاک، از جمله مدل‌های ریاضی و تجربی و همچنین برآوردهای موجود از میزان فرسایش خاک و رسوبدهی در ایران ارائه و معرفی شدند. نتایج مطالعات بررسی شده نشان می‌دهند که میزان فرسایش خاک در حوزه‌های آبخیز مختلف ایران به‌طور قابل‌توجهی متفاوت است و به طور متوسط بین 5 تا 68 تن در هکتار در سال گزارش شده است. این تفاوت‌ها تحت تاثیر عوامل اقلیمی و محلی ازجمله ویژگی‌های جغرافیایی، نوع خاک، پوشش گیاهی، ناهمواری و فعالیت‌های انسانی قرار دارند. توزیع مکانی استفاده از مدل‌های RUSLE، MPSIAC، EPM، WEPP، ICONA و SLEMSA در کشور ارائه شده است. برخی از مطالعات فرسایش خاک در کشور بدون درنظر گرفتن فرضیات و دامنه کاربرد مدل‌ها، از مدل‌ها برای تخمین فرسایش خاک پرداخته‌اند. یافته‌های مبتنی بر تحلیل‌های مقایسه‌ای مطالعات فرسایش خاک در مقیاس کشوری، ضمن شناسایی خلاها و فرصت‌های تحقیقاتی می‌تواند موجب بهبود برنامه‌های مدیریت خاک و حفظ منابع طبیعی در ایران شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A review of some studies, methods and estimates of soil erosion and sediment yield in Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Omid Rahmati 1
  • Fariba Ahmadi Dehrashid 1
  • Seyed Masoud Soleimanpour 2
  • Bahram Choubin 3
1 Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sanandaj, Iran
2 Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
3 Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Soil erosion and sediment yield are significant environmental challenges in Iran, substantially impacting agriculture, natural resources, and ecosystems. Lack of sufficient information about the results of different methods of estimating and measuring soil erosion is a serious challenge in soil erosion studies in the country. This research examines some of the most important studies conducted on soil erosion and sedimentation in Iran. Initially, water erosion studies conducted within the country between 1972 and 1984 were searched and collected in various scientific databases such as the Scientific Information Center of the Academic Jihad, the National Publications Database, and Google Scholar. These scientific sources were classified and analyzed from different aspects and perspectives. Then, various methods for measuring and estimating soil erosion, including mathematical and experimental models, as well as existing estimates of soil erosion and sedimentation rates in Iran, were presented and introduced.  The results of the reviewed studies show that the rate of soil erosion in different watersheds of Iran varies significantly and has been reported to average between 5 and 68 tons per hectare per year. The differences are influenced by climatic and local factors, including geographical features, soil type, vegetation cover, roughness, and human activities. The spatial distribution of the use of RUSLE, MPSIAC, EPM, WEPP, ICONA, and SLEMSA models in Iran was presented. Some soil erosion studies in the country have used models to estimate soil erosion without considering the assumptions and scope of application of the models. Findings based on comparative analyses of soil erosion studies on a national scale can identify research gaps and opportunities and can improve soil management programs and natural resource conservation in Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Watershed
  • soil erosion
  • empirical models
  • prediction

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

Soil erosion and sediment yield represent critical environmental challenges in Iran, with profound implications for agriculture, natural resources, and ecosystems. This phenomenon not only threatens food security but also leads to the degradation of vital ecosystems and biodiversity. Understanding the multifaceted nature of soil erosion in Iran is essential for developing effective management strategies. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of some recent existing studies on soil erosion in Iran, examining the types, causes, and consequences of erosion, as well as identifying gaps in current research and proposing future directions.

Method

To gather relevant information, a systematic review of existing literature on soil erosion in Iran was conducted. This involved analyzing peer-reviewed articles, reports, and studies published over the last two decades. The review focused on water erosion, and its influencing factors such as climate change, human activities (like deforestation and agricultural practices), and geological characteristics. Additionally, the study evaluated different assessment methods employed in the literature, including mathematical models (e.g., Universal Soil Loss Equation, RUSLE) and empirical approaches. The effectiveness of these methods in measuring soil erosion across diverse Iranian landscapes was assessed. The review also considered the socio-economic impacts of soil erosion on local communities, emphasizing the necessity for sustainable resource management practices.

Results

The findings of the review indicate that soil erosion rates in Iran vary significantly across different regions, influenced by a combination of climatic, geological, and anthropogenic factors. For instance, arid and semi-arid regions, which constitute a substantial part of Iran, exhibit higher erosion rates due to limited vegetation cover and intense rainfall events. The analysis highlighted that water erosion is the predominant type, particularly in hilly and mountainous areas. The review also revealed that many studies employed mathematical models to quantify soil erosion, with varying degrees of success. While some models provided reliable estimates, others were limited by inadequate data or oversimplified assumptions. The results of the reviewed studies show that the rate of soil erosion in different watersheds of Iran varies significantly and has been reported to average between 5 and 68 tons per hectare per year. The differences are influenced by climatic and local factors, including geographical features, soil type, vegetation cover, roughness, and human activities. The spatial distribution of the use of RUSLE, MPSIAC, EPM, WEPP, ICONA, and SLEMSA models in the country is presented. Some soil erosion studies in the country have used models to estimate soil erosion without considering the assumptions and scope of application of the models. Findings based on comparative analyses of soil erosion studies on a national scale can identify research gaps and opportunities and can improve soil management programs and natural resource conservation in Iran.

Conclusions

This comprehensive review of soil erosion in Iran underscores the urgent need for effective management strategies to address this pressing environmental issue. The significant rates of soil erosion, coupled with its detrimental impacts on agriculture and ecosystems, highlight the necessity for targeted research and intervention. There are notable gaps in the current literature, particularly concerning localized assessment methods and the long-term socio-economic effects of soil erosion. Future research should focus on developing region-specific models that accurately reflect the diverse climatic and geological conditions across Iran. Additionally, interdisciplinary approaches that integrate ecological, social, and economic perspectives will be crucial for formulating comprehensive soil management strategies. Policymakers must prioritize sustainable resource management practices to combat soil erosion, ensuring the preservation of natural resources for future generations. In conclusion, addressing soil erosion in Iran requires a collaborative effort among researchers, policymakers, and local communities. By identifying and addressing the underlying causes of soil erosion, implementing effective management practices, and fostering community engagement, it is possible to mitigate the impacts of this environmental challenge and promote sustainable land use in Iran.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the conceptualization of the article and writing of the original and subsequent drafts.

Data Availability Statement

 “Not applicable”.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all participants of the present study.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 56، شماره 5
مرداد 1404
صفحه 1119-1145

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