تأثیر سیستم‌های خاک‌ورزی، مدیریت بقایا و مصرف کود فسفر بر عملکرد گلرنگ تحت شرایط شوری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران.

2 بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و اموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران

10.22059/ijswr.2025.383497.669813

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر به منظور بررسی تأثیر وجود بقایای گیاهی ایستاده، روش­های مختلف خاک­ورزی و مقدار مصرف کود فسفر بر عملکرد محصول گلرنگ، به‌مدت دو سال در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی کبوترآباد اصفهان در یک خاک لوم­رسی­سیلتی انجام شد. آزمایش به صورت کرت‌های یک‌بارخرد شده در قالب طرح آماری بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمار اصلی شامل سه سطح بدون­خاک‌ورزی، کم­خاک‌ورزی و شخم مرسوم بود. تیمارهای فرعی شامل چهار سطح صفر، 50 ، 75 و 100 درصد توصیه کودی فسفر بر مبنای آزمون خاک در هر کدام از سطوح خاک‌ورزی بودند. مقادیر عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد دانه، غلظت فسفر در برگ و دانه و فسفر قابل دسترس خاک اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین افزایش مقدار فسفر قابل دسترس خاک به­ترتیب در خاک سطحی کرت‌های بی‌خاک‌ورزی و کم‌خاک‌ورزی مشاهده شد. کاربرد سوپرفسفات تریپل موجب افزایش معنی‌دار میانگین فسفر قابل دسترس خاک از 5/3 به 3/25 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم شد. افزایش معنی­دار عملکرد بیولوژیک (3/16 تن درهکتار) و دانه گلرنگ (1/5 تن در هکتار) در تیمار 75 درصد توصیه کودی فسفر بدست آمد. خالص برداشت فسفر توسط گلرنگ از 6/17 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تیمار شاهد به 6/37 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تیمار100 درصد توصیه کودی افزایش یافت. با وجود بقایای گیاهی و انجام روش‌های کم‌خاک‌ورزی و بدون ‌خاک‌ورزی در شرایط شوری آب و خاک، افزایش معنی­دار عملکرد کل و دانه گلرنگ بدست آمد که نشان‌دهنده­ی برتری روش‌های کم­خاک‌ورزی و بدون­خاک‌ورزی در مقایسه با خاک‌ورزی مرسوم بود. در کاشت گیاه گلرنگ کاربرد 75 درصد کود فسفری کافی بود چرا که در تمام انواع خاکورزی این سطح از کاربرد فسفر عملکردی معادل 100 درصد توصیه کودی داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of tillage systems and residue management on the optimal use of phosphorus in safflower cultivation under saline conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Akbar Gandomkar 1
  • Fatemeh Khayamim 2
1 1. Department of Soil and Water Research, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran.
2 Department of Soil and Water Research, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Educational Center, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]

The present research investigated the effect of plant residues, different tillage techniques, and phosphorus Fertilizer application on safflower crop yield over two years at the Kabutarabad Agricultural Research Station in Esfahan, which has silty clay loam soil. The experiment was conducted as a one-time split plot with a randomized complete block design and three replications. The main treatments included no-tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage. Sub-treatments included four levels of zero, 50, 75, and 100 percent of the recommended phosphorus fertilizer based on soil tests for each tillage level. The biological yield, seed yield, phosphorus concentration in both leaves and seeds, and absorbable soil phosphorus were measured. The highest increase in absorbable soil phosphorus was noted in the surface soil of no-tillage and reduced-tillage plots, respectively. The application of triple superphosphate significantly increased the mean absorbable soil phosphorus from 3.5 to 25.3 mg/kg. A significant increase in biological yield (16.3 tons per hectare) and safflower seed yield (1.5 tons per hectare) was observed in the treatment with 75% of the recommended phosphorus fertilizer. The net phosphorus uptake by safflower rose from 17.6 kg/ha in the control treatment to 37.6 kg/ha in the 100% fertilizer recommendation treatment. A notable increase in safflower seed yield and total yield was achieved through the presence of plant residues and the use of reduced-tillage and no-tillage methods in conditions of water and soil salinity, indicating the superiority of these methods compared to conventional tillage. The application of 75% of the recommended phosphorus fertilizer was adequate for safflower planting across all tillage types; this level of phosphorus was sufficient.  The application was equivalent to a 100% fertilizer recommendation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Plant residues
  • Safflower
  • Tillage
  • Triple superphosphate

Introduction

Conservation agriculture is recommended as a technique for sustainable crop production, based on minimal soil disturbance, crop rotation, and maintaining crop residues as soil cover. Most of our country is covered by arid and semi-arid climates, and the lack of sufficient water resources has led to the salinity of agricultural lands. In saline lands, in addition to the insignificance of soil organic matter, soil salinity also strongly affects plant growth, and the amount of chemical fertilizers used in these conditions differs from non-saline conditions. On the other hand, the amount of fertilizer used in conservation tillage is different compared to conventional tillage. Therefore, investigating the optimal application of Phosphorus fertilizers under different tillage systems is significant.

Objective

The objective of the current research was to investigate the effect of the type of tillage system, residue management, and the amount of phosphorus fertilizer consumption on the yield and agricultural characteristics of the safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. under saline conditions.

Materials and methods

This research was performed during the two cropping years of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 at the Kabutrabad Agricultural Research Station. The experiment was carried out in one-time split plots with a randomized complete block statistical design with three replications. The main treatment included three levels: no tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage. Sub-treatments included four levels of zero, 50, 75, and 100 percent of recommended phosphorus fertilizer based on soil test (215 kg ha-1 of triple superphosphate) in each tillage level. Conventional tillage consisted of reversible plowing in addition to two stages of the cross disc, reduced tillage only included two times of chisel application, and no-tillage treatment included direct planting with a seeder-colter machine. All plant residues were removed in conventional tillage plots. In the plots with reduced and no-tillage, only the standing remains of the crop were kept and the rest of the remains were removed from the ground. The biological yield, seed yield, phosphorus concentration in leaves and seeds, and absorbable soil-phosphorus were measured.

Results

The highest increase in the amount of absorbable soil phosphorus was measured in the surface soil of no-tillage and reduced-tillage plots, respectively. The application of triple superphosphate leads to a significant increase in the average absorbable soil phosphorus (0-30 cm depth) from 3.5 to 25.3 mg/kg. A substantial increase in biological yield (16.3 tons per hectare) and safflower seed (1.5 tons per hectare) was obtained in the treatment of 75% of the recommended phosphorus fertilizer (application of 161 kg/hectare of triple superphosphate). The net phosphorus uptake by safflower increased from 17.6 kg/ha in the control treatment to 37.6 kg/ha in the 100% fertilizer recommendation treatment. A significant increase in safflower seed and total yield was obtained by the presence of plant residues and the use of reduced-tillage and no-tillage methods in conditions of water and soil salinity, which indicated the superiority of reduced-tillage and no-tillage methods compared to conventional tillage.

Conclusion

The present research results indicated that the safflower seed and total yield in reduced-tillage and no-tillage systems were significantly more than conventional tillage. The application of 75% recommended phosphorus fertilizer was sufficient in planting safflower in all types of tillage because this level of phosphorus application was equivalent to 100% fertilizer recommendation.

Author Contributions

Akbar Gandomkar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Project administration, Review and editing.

 Fatemeh Khayamim: Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing, Data curation, Software

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

Data is available on reasonable request from the authors.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the reviewers and editor for their critical comments that helped to improve the paper. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the manager and colleagues of the Kabutarabad Station of the Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 56، شماره 3
خرداد 1404
صفحه 631-648

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