اثر محلول‌پاشی برگی کود آلی بر عملکرد دانه، محتوای عناصر غذایی و بهره‌وری آب در ذرت(Zea mays L.) در شرایط تنش خشکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری (مهندسی طبیعت)، دانشکده کشاورزی ، دانشگاه فسا، فسا، ایران.

2 مرکز نوآوری گروه صنعتی پژوهشی فرهیختگان زرنام، استان البرز، شهر هشتگرد، ایران

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر به منظور بررسی اثر محلول‌پاشی کود مایع آلی زرگرین بر رشد و ترکیب شیمیایی ذرت رقم سینگل کراس 704 و شاخص بهره‌وری آب در شرایط تنش خشکی در آبان تا اسفند 1400 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل چهار سطح محلول‌پاشی کود آمینواسید زرگرین (با غلظت‌های صفر، 5/2 در هزار، 5 در هزار و 5/7 در هزار) و سه سطح تنش خشکی (ظرفیت مزرعه، 75 و 50 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه به‌ترتیب بدون تنش، تنش متوسط و تنش شدید) بودند. در طول فصل رشد طی سه نوبت و در زمان‌های 5/1، 3 و 4 ماه بعد از کاشت از محلول کود مایع آلی زرگرین با غلظت‌های ذکر شده برای محلول‌پاشی استفاده شد. تاثیر تیمارهای به کاربرده شده با روش تجزیه به مولفه‌های اصلی مطالعه شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین شاخص سبزینگی برگ و وزن تر بلال با محلول‌پاشی پنج در هزار کود زرگرین و در شرایط تنش شدید خشکی به دست آمد. کمترین تعداد برگ، وزن تر و ارتفاع بوته در تنش شدید خشکی مشاهده شدند درحالی‌که محلول‌پاشی کود آلی آن را بهبود بخشید. با افزایش تنش خشکی، غلظت مس، منگنز و روی اندام هوایی ذرت افزایش یافت که به سبب کاهش وزن خشک گیاه در شرایط مواجهه با خشکی است. بیشترین غلظت این عناصر در اندام هوایی ذرت در شرایط تنش، با محلول‌پاشی در سطح 5/7 در هزار کود آلی به دست آمد. بیشترین شاخص بهره‌وری آب در شرایط محلول‌پاشی کود آلی به میزان پنج در هزار در مواجهه با تنش شدید خشکی به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین همبستگی مثبت میان ویژگی‌های مورد مطالعه با محلول‌پاشی پنج لیتر در هزار کود آلی به دست آمد. می‌توان گفت کاربرد کود آلی از یک سو با کمک به گیاه برای حفظ بیشتر آب و از سوی دیگر با تامین عناصر غذایی ضروری گیاه، سبب افزایش وزن خشک گیاه و کاهش مصرف آب شده و درنتیجه بهره‌وری آب را بهبود بخشیده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of organic fertilizer foliar application on grain yield, nutrient content, and water productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Zahedifar 1
  • Edris Gavili kilaneh 2
1 Associated Prof. Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran
2 Innovation Center of Zarnam Educators Research Industrial Group, Alborz Province, Hashtgerd City Iran
چکیده [English]

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of Zargreen organic liquid fertilizer on the growth, chemical composition, and water productivity of maize (cv. Single cross) under drought stress conditions from November to March 2021. Treatments consisted of four levels of foliar application of Zargreen amino acid fertilizer (0, 2.5‰, 5‰, and 7.5‰), and three levels of drought stress (100%, 75%, and 50% of the field capacity as no stress, moderate stress, and severe stress, respectively). During the growing season, in 1.5, 3, and 4 months after planting, the fertilizer solution was used for foliar spraying. Data was statistically analyzed and the effect of treatments was also studied using principal component analysis. The highest greenness index and fresh weight of cob were obtained with foliar application of 5‰ organic fertilizer under the highest drought stress conditions. The lowest number of leaves, fresh weight, and plant height were observed at the highest level of drought stress, which was improved by foliar application of the organic fertilizer. With the increase of drought stress, the shoot concentration of copper, manganese, and zinc increased due to the decreased plant dry weight under drought conditions. The highest concentration of these elements in the aerial parts of maize under drought stress conditions was obtained by the high foliar application of the fertilizer. The highest water productivity was obtained with the foliar fertilizer application at the rate of 5‰ under the highest drought stress conditions. The results showed that the most positive correlation between the studied properties was obtained with foliar application of 5‰ of the organic fertilizer. It can be concluded that foliar application of the organic fertilizer has increased the plant's dry weight and reduced water consumption, consequently improving water productivity by helping plants save more water and supplying essential nutrients to plants.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water stress
  • Nutrient elements
  • Organic compound
  • Water consumption
  • Foliar application

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

Maize is the third most important grain crop in the world and its cultivation is also very important in Iran. In arid and semi-arid regions like Iran, due to the lack of rainfall and the increase in temperature, severe drought stress has a significant effect on the growth and development of plants such as maize. This stress causes various physiological changes in the plant. Drought stress disturbs the nutritional balance in the plant by reducing the solubility and nutrients absorption. In order to reduce the negative effects of drought stress and improve the performance of plants grown in these conditions, proper management is necessary. This management through using some modifiers such as organic compounds can improve plant growth in environmental stress conditions. Considering the importance of maize cultivation in Iran and necessity to preserve water resources, it is essential to study the efficiency of water consumption in maize. Due to the low efficiency of water consumption and excessive use of limited available resources, water consumption management is very important. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of Zargreen liquid organic fertilizer on the growth characteristics, yield, and concentration of nutrients in maize shoots and also to investigate the water productivity index under drought conditions.

Material and Methods

A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse conditions in November to March 2021. Treatments consisted of four levels of foliar application of Zargreen organic liquid fertilizer (with concentrations of 0, 2.5‰, 5‰, and 7.5‰), and three drought stress levels (100%, 75%, and 50% of field capacity, FC as no stress, moderate stress, and severe stress, respectively). During the growing season, in 1.5, 3, and 4 months after planting, the fertilizer solution was used for foliar spraying. During the growing season, the amount of water consumed was measured. Two weeks after the last stage of foliar application, the greenness index and before harvesting the height of the plant, and after harvesting, the fresh and dry weight of shoot were measured. Shoot nutrient concentrations were also determined. Data was analyzed using EXCEL and SPSS software packages and the means were statistically compared with the Tukey test at 5% probability level.

Results and Discussion

The highest leaf greenness index and fresh weight of kernel were obtained with foliar application of 5‰ solution of the studied fertilizer and under the highest drought stress conditions. The lowest number of leaves, fresh weight, and plant height were observed at the highest level of drought stress, which was improved by foliar application of organic fertilizer. With the increase of drought stress, the shoot concentration of copper, manganese, and zinc increased due to a decrease in the plant's dry weight under drought conditions. The highest concentration of these elements in the aerial parts of maize under water stress conditions was obtained by foliar application with a high level of organic fertilizer. The highest water productivity was obtained with foliar applications of the fertilizer at the rate of 5‰ under the highest level of drought stress. Results showed that the most positive correlation between the studied properties was obtained with foliar application of 5‰ of the organic fertilizer. It can be concluded that the use of organic fertilizer on the one hand by helping plants to save more water and on the other hand by supplying essential nutrients to plants has increased the plant's dry weight and reduced water consumption, and consequently improved the water productivity.

Conclusion

In order to reduce the negative effects of drought stress and improve the performance of plants grown in arid conditions, it is necessary to apply proper managerial practices. These managerial practices such as using some modifiers (e.g., organic compounds) can improve plant growth in environmental stress conditions. The results of this study showed that in all drought stress levels, fresh weight and height of maize plants increased with foliar application of Zargreen organic fertilizer. The highest concentration of copper, zinc, and manganese in the aerial parts of maize was observed under drought stress conditions after foliar application of the organic fertilizer. Zargreen organic fertilizer, with significant amounts of amino acids and nitrogen and a lesser amount of essential nutrients, can be a suitable supplier for these nutrients and have significant impacts on the growth and nutritional parameters.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.Z. and E. G.; methodology, M. Z.; software, M. Z.; validation, M. Z. and E. G.; formal analysis, M. Z.; investigation, M. Z. and E. G.; resources, M. Z. and E. G.; data curation, M. Z.; writing—original draft preparation, M. Z.; writing—review and editing, M.Z.; visualization, M. Z. and E. G.; supervision, M. Z.; project administration, M. Z.; funding acquisition, M. Z. and E. G.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

The data supporting the findings of this study are available in the manuscript. 

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Fasa and Shiraz Universities and the Innovation Center of Zarnam Educators Research Industrial Group for providing all the needed facilities.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 56، شماره 2
اردیبهشت 1404
صفحه 389-410

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