تأثیر بیوچارهای اصلاح‌شده بر برخی ویژگی‌های زیستی و شیمیایی یک خاک آهکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

2 استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

3 محقق گروه تحقیقات به زراعی، مؤسسه تحقیقات و آموزش نیشکر خوزستان، اهواز، ایران.

چکیده

در خاک‌های آهکی مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک ماده آلی کم، مقدار کربنات کلسیم زیاد و pH قلیایی سبب کاهش فعالیت میکروبی وکاهش فراهمی عناصر غذایی به‌ویژه فسفر و به‌دنبال آن محدودیت در رشد گیاهان می‌شود. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر بیوچار حاصل از بقایای برداشت سبز نیشکر و بیوچارهای اصلاح شده با FeCl2، ZnCl2، اسید سیتریک و اسید اگزالیک بر برخی ویژگی‌های شیمیایی و زیستی یک خاک آهکی انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی با شش تیمار شامل 1- شاهد (C)) بدون بیوچار) 2- بیوچار اصلاح نشده(B)  3- بیوچار اصلاح شده با اسید سیتریک (CAB)، 4- بیوچار اصلاح شده با اسید اگزالیک (OXB)، 5- بیوچار اصلاح شده با ZnCl2 (ZnB) و 6- بیوچار اصلاح شده با FeCl2 (FeB)  در 3 تکرار  اجرا شد. بیوچار در دمای 350 درجه سلسیوس تهیه و پس از اصلاح شیمیایی، به­مقدار یک درصد با 300 گرم خاک مخلوط شده و نمونه‌ها به مدت سه ماه در دمای ثابت (25±2 درجه سلسیوس) نگه‌داری و در پایان آزمایش برخی ویژگی­های شیمیایی و زیستی خاک اندازه­گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد کاربرد بیوچارها سبب کاهش pH خاک (66/0-03/0 واحد)، افزایش پارامترهای هدایت الکتریکی (57/0-13/0 واحد)، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (9/43-0/17 درصد)، کربن آلی کل (29/2-21/2 برابر)، غلظت فسفر قابل دسترس (2/96-1/52 درصد)، تنفس میکروبی خاک (3/69-9/42 درصد) و کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی خاک (7/93-2/54 درصد) شد که در این میان تیمار بیوچار اصلاح شده با اسید سیتریک بیشترین تأثیر معنی‌دار را بر ویژگی‌های بررسی شده داشت. به‌طور کلی بیوچار تهیه شده از بقایای برداشت سبز نیشکر و اصلاح شده با اسید سیتریک می­تواند ماده آلی خاک، فراهمی عناصر غذایی و ویژگی­های زیستی خاک در شرایط خاک‌ مورد استفاده، مؤثر باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of modified biochars on some biological and chemical properties of calcareous soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Pardis Khaji 1
  • Abdolamir Moezzi 1
  • Naeimeh Enayatizamir 1
  • Neda Moradi 2
  • Akbar Karimi 3
1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
3 Researcher, Department of Agronomy, Khuzestan Sugarcane Research and Training Institute, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده [English]

In calcareous soils of arid and semi-arid regions, low organic matter, high calcium carbonate content, and high pH reduce microbial activity and decrease the availability of nutrients, especially phosphorus, which in turn limits plant growth. This research aimed to investigate the effects of biochar derived from green sugarcane residues and biochars modified with FeCl2, ZnCl2, citric acid, and oxalic acid on some chemical and biological properties of a calcareous soil. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments, including: 1- Control (C) (without biochar), 2- Unmodified biochar (B), 3- Biochar modified with citric acid (CAB), 4- Biochar modified with oxalic acid (OXB), 5- Biochar modified with ZnCl2 (ZnB), and 6- Biochar modified with FeCl2 (FeB), with three replications. The biochar was prepared at 350°C and, after chemical modification, mixed with 300 grams of soil at a rate of 1%. The samples were maintained at a constant temperature (25±2°C) for three months. At the end of the experiment, some chemical and biological properties of the soil were measured. The results showed that the application of biochars led to a decrease in soil pH (0.03-0.66 units), an increase in electrical conductivity (0.13-0.57 units), cation exchange capacity (17.0-43.9%), total organic carbon (2.21-2.29-fold), available phosphorus concentration (52.1-96.2%), soil microbial respiration (42.9-69.3%), and soil microbial biomass carbon (54.2-93.7%). Among these, the biochar treatment modified with citric acid had the most positive impact on the examined properties. Overall, biochar derived from green sugarcane residues and modified with citric acid could be effective in the soil organic matter, phosphorus availability, and soil biological properties under the studied soil conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Acid modified biochar
  • Available phosphorus
  • Metal salt-modified biochars
  • Microbial activity
  • Organic matter

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

The limited availability of nutrients, particularly phosphorus, is a significant factor hindering plant growth in calcareous soils. Research indicates that the incorporation of organic amendments can influence phosphorus chemistry in the soil through various mechanisms, thereby enhancing phosphorus availability for plants. Biochar, a carbon-rich solid produced through the pyrolysis of biomass in low-oxygen conditions, has been proposed as a means to improve soil fertility and boost crop yields. The modification of biochar with organic acids can enhance its physical and chemical properties, including specific surface area, pore size, cation exchange capacity, and functional group composition. Additionally, the application of metal salts can further enhance these characteristics. Efficient management of agricultural waste, such as dried leaves and stalks from harvested green sugarcane, is essential. Converting these residues into biochar via pyrolysis presents a viable solution for their management. This research investigated the effect of green sugarcane residue biochars modified with FeCl2, ZnCl2, citric acid, and oxalic acid on improving the chemical and biological properties of soil.

Materials and Methods

Soil samples were collected from the surface layer (0-30 cm) of the Da'abal Khoza'i sugarcane industry. The incubation experiment utilized a completely randomized design with six treatments: 1) control (C) (no biochar), 2) unmodified biochar (B), 3) biochar modified with citric acid (CAB), 4) biochar modified with oxalic acid (OXB), 5) biochar modified with ZnCl₂ (ZnB), and 6) biochar modified with FeCl₂ (FeB), each replicated three times. The biochar samples were mixed with 300 grams of soil at a concentration of 1% w/w and maintained at a consistent temperature of 25±2 degrees Celsius for three months. Following the incubation period, the soil samples were air-dried, and various chemical and biological characteristics of the soil were assessed.

Results

The analysis of biochar demonstrated a decrease in pH of modified biochars compared to the unmodified ones. Specifically, biochar treated with citric and oxalic acids showed a reduction in pH by 2.78 and 2.26 units, respectively. Modifications using ZnCl2 and FeCl2 resulted in smaller pH decreases of 0.14 and 0.09 units, respectively, compared to the unmodified biochar. The most significant improvement in cation exchange capacity compared to the unmodified biochar was observed in biochar treated with citric acid (96.24 cmol kg-1). Moreover, the phosphorus content in the modified biochars was higher than in the unmodified sample, with citric acid-modified biochar exhibiting the greatest increase, reaching 0.78. After chemical and organic acid treatments, the biochars showed reductions in ash content, carbon percentage, and C/N ratio, while hydrogen, oxygen, and the hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) and oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios increased. Incubation experiments revealed that biochar application reduced soil pH (by 0.03-0.66 units), enhanced electrical conductivity (by 0.13–0.57 units), increased cation exchange capacity (by 17.0–43.9%), total organic carbon (by 2.21-2.29-fold), raised available phosphorus concentration (by 52.1-96.2%), promoted soil microbial respiration (by 42.9-69.3%), and increased microbial biomass carbon (by 54.2-93.7%). 

Conclusion

In summary, biochar produced from green sugarcane residue and modified with citric acid can significantly enhance soil organic matter, nutrient availability, and biological characteristics in calcareous soils of arid and semi-arid regions.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the conceptualization of the article and writing of the original and subsequent drafts.

Data Availability Statement

Data is available on request from the authors.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Research council of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz,

Iran for the financial support of this research (grant number: SCU.AS1402.449).

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 56، شماره 2
اردیبهشت 1404
صفحه 373-388

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