بررسی اثر بیوچار و هیدروچار جلبک کلرلا ولگاریس فعال‌شده بر توزیع شکل‌ها و زیست‌فراهمی کادمیوم در خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 گروه شیمی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه مراغه، آذربایجان شرقی، ایران

3 گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

آلودگی خاک به فلزات سنگین، خطرات زیست‌محیطی قابل‌توجهی دارد که بر امنیت غذایی و سلامت انسان اثرگذار است. در این پژوهش اثر بیوچار و هیدروچار فعال مشتق شده از جلبک کلرلا ولگاریس بر شکل‌های مختلف کادمیوم در خاک بررسی شد. این پژوهش شامل سطوح 0، 5/0 و یک درصد وزنی بیوچار و هیدروچار فعال تولید شده از جلبک کلرلا ولگاریس در خاک‌هایی با غلظت کادمیوم 50 و 100 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم است. بیوچار و هیدروچار به ترتیب در دمای 450 و 200 درجه سانتی‌گراد تولید و با هیدروکسید پتاسیم فعال شدند. شکل‌های مختلف کادمیوم در خاک شامل قابل تبادل، متصل مواد آلی، کربناتی و متصل به اکسید آهن و منگنز اندازه‌گیری شد. مورفولوژی سطح نمونه‌ها، مقدار کالری ناخالص، کربن، نیتروژن، هیدروژن، سطح ویژه و زیست‌توده هیدروچار و بیوچار فعال شده تعیین شدند. نتایج نشان داد که در تیمار 50 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم کادمیوم، افزودن یک درصد بیوچار باعث کاهش 9/2 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم کادمیوم (تیمار شاهد) قابل تبادل شد. افزایش غلظت بیوچار و هیدروچار از 5/0 به یک درصد باعث افزایش کادمیوم متصل به اجزای آلی و اکسیدهای منگنز و آهن شد. در غلظت‌های 50 و 100 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم کادمیوم، بالاترین مقدار کادمیوم در شکل‌ اکسیدهای آهن و منگنز به ترتیب 23 و 8/24 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. به‌طورکلی نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که بیوچار و هیدروچار فعال تولید شده از جلبک کلرلا ولگاریس با افزایش شکل‌های زیستی کم محلول کادمیوم می‌توانند گام مهمی در مسیر کشاورزی پایدار باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Effect of Activated Chlorella vulgaris Algae Biochar and Hydrochar on the Distribution and Bioavailability of Cadmium in Soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Jafar Sufian 1
  • mohammad babaakbari 1
  • Armen Avanes 2
  • Salahedin Moradi 3
1 PhD student Department of Soil Sciences,Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran,
2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh,East Azerbaijan, Iran, 55187-79842. Iran,
3 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tehran Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Soil contamination with heavy metals, paticularly cadmium, poses significant environmental risks, threatening food security and human health. This study investigated the effect of activated biochar and hydrochar derived from Chlorella vulgaris algae on various cadmium forms in contaminated soils. Biochar and hydrochar were produced at 450 and 200°C, respectively, and activated with potassium hydroxide. They were applied at concentrations of 0, 1, and 4% by weight to soils contaminated with cadmium at levels of 50 and 100 mg kg-1. Cadmium fractions in soil—exchangeable, carbonate-bound, organic matter-bound, and those associated with iron and manganese oxides—were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy.  Additionally, the surface morphology, gross calorific value, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen content, specific surface area and biomass of the activated hydrochar and biochar were determined. The results indicated that with a cadmium concentration of 50 mg kg-1, the addition of 4% biochar reduced the exchangeable cadmium by 2.9 mg kg-1, attributed to the high specific surface area of biochar and hydrochar, providing numerous adsorption sites for cadmium ions. Increasing biochar and hydrochar concentrations from 1% to 4% enhanced the cadmium fractions bound to organic matter and iron/manganese oxides. At cadmium concentrations of 50 and 100 mg kg-1, the highest amounts of cadmium in the form of iron and manganese oxides were 23 and 24.8 mg kg-1, respectively. This study highlights the potential of biochar and activated hydrochar from Chlorella vulgaris algae to promote sustainable agriculture by reducing the bioavailability of cadmium in contaminated soils. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil amendment
  • Iron and manganese oxides
  • Pollution
  • Environmental
  • Gross calorific value

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

Soil contamination by heavy metals is a major environmental problem that can seriously affect food security and human health. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and zinc accumulate in the soil due to human activities, including applying fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation with wastewater, mining, and improper waste disposal. Agricultural products grown in contaminated soils absorb these heavy metals and enter the human food chain, posing severe health risks. Cadmium, in particular, poses numerous environmental and health hazards due to its high toxicity and ability to accumulate in soil. Prolonged exposure to cadmium can lead to kidney damage and an increased risk of osteoporosis, bone fractures, and cancer. As an immunotoxicant, cadmium can alter the function of the immune system and cause various health problems. In addition, this heavy metal has been linked to reproductive issues.

Materials and Methods

Chlorella vulgaris microalgae stocks were obtained from the Goher Sabz Algal Culture Laboratory and maintained under controlled laboratory conditions. The process involved maintaining the temperature at 25°C with a photoperiod of 12 hours light and 12 hours dark. After the logarithmic growth phase of the microalgae, the biomass was harvested, washed, and dried. Biochar and hydrochar were produced from this biomass and activated with potassium hydroxide. To investigate the effect of biochar and hydrochar on the bioavailability and distribution of chemical forms of cadmium, an experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. Cadmium nitrate was used to contaminate the soil at three contamination levels, and the contaminated samples were incubated for 16 weeks. After the incubation period, the bioavailability of cadmium was assessed using EDTA, and the total cadmium content was determined by the digestion method.

Results and Discussion

The results showed that applying 1% biochar and hydrochar by weight reduced exchangeable cadmium. At a concentration of 50 mg kg-1, 1% biochar reduced exchangeable cadmium by 2.9 mg kg-1, and at 100 mg kg-1, this reduction was 4.1 mg kg-1. Similarly, 1% hydrochar reduced exchangeable cadmium by 2.9 and 1.7 mg kg-1, respectively. The combined use of biochar and hydrochar reduced exchangeable cadmium by 45%. Due to its high specific surface area and adsorption properties, biochar can provide numerous adsorption sites for metal ions and reduce their mobility.  In addition, the porous structure of biochar improves soil aeration and water retention, creating favorable conditions for microbial proliferation and metabolic processes. At concentrations of 50 and 100 mg kg-1, the combined use of biochar and hydrochar increased the cadmium content in the iron and manganese oxide fractions by 23 and 24.8 mg kg-1, respectively.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that activated biochar and hydrochar produced from Chlorella vulgaris algae can significantly reduce the mobility and bioavailability of cadmium in soil Adding these amendments at 1% by weight reduced exchangeable cadmium by up to 45%. By increasing specific surface area and adsorption capacity, biochar and hydrochar reduce cadmium mobility and its potential toxicityThese results recommend using biochar and hydrochar as sustainable and effective soil amendments for managing cadmium contamination in agricultural soils.  These amendments can help protect crops and soil organisms from cadmium toxicity and contribute to environmental sustainability.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.S. and M.B.S.; methodology, J.S. and S.M.; software, J.S. and A.A.; validation, M.B.S. and A.A. and S.M.; formal analysis, J.S.; investigation, J.S. and M.B.S.; resources, J.S. and A.A.; data curation, J.S. and S.M.; writing—original draft preparation, J.S. and M.B.S.; writing—review and editing, M.B.S. and A.A.; visualization, J.S. and M.B.S.; supervision, M.B.S.; project administration, M.B.S. and A.A.; funding acquisition, J.S. and S.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

Data available on request from the authors.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all participants of the present study.

Ethical considerations

The subject of plagiarism has been considered by the authors and this article is without problem

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest. 

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 55، شماره 11
بهمن 1403
صفحه 2191-2208

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