Investigation of actinomycetes inoculation on phosphorus dissolution and the effect of two selected isolates on the growth and nutritional indices of barley plant

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, 41635-1314, Iran

2 Department of soil Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

3 Agriculture Organization of Guilan Province, Management of Plant Protection, Rasht, Iran.

10.22059/ijswr.2025.404231.670026

Abstract

This study was conducted in two parts to investigate the ability of actinomycete strains to enhance phosphorus (P) solubility, improve soil properties, and promote barley growth. In the first part, a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design with three replications was carried out using 29 actinomycete strains and three types of culture media, GA, NBRIP, and SMM, to evaluate the effectiveness of these strains in dissolving P and altering the pH of the culture media. In the second part, barley was cultivated in a completely randomized block design under four treatments: control (C), chemical fertilizer (CF), and two actinomycete strains, S4A and S4F, with three replications. After 40 days of cultivating and harvesting barley, some soil characteristics, growth traits, and the nutritional status of the plant were evaluated. The GA medium, compared to the other two cultures, exhibited the highest average pH at 6.14, along with the highest P solubility at 172.4 mg L-1. The highest soil P was found in the S4A. Additionally, there were significant increases in mineral nitrogen and available potassium in both the S4A and S4F. Stem length, root length, and shoot dry weight did not show a significant difference in the CF with two actinomycete strains. The P and iron contents in the plants in S4A and S4F showed a significant increase compared to C and CF. Using actinomycete strains as biofertilizers can enhance soil stability and fertility. Therefore, it is recommended to apply biofertilizers in conjunction with chemical fertilizers to support sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Background and Objectives

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. A P deficiency not only reduces plant yields but also decreases the efficiency of agricultural inputs and soil fertility. Many soils in Iran have limited P availability, leading to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers. In this context, phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) offer a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers. Actinomycetes, in particular, play a critical role in dissolving insoluble phosphorus and enhancing nutrient absorption. This is due to their unique ability to produce secondary metabolites, hydrolytic enzymes, and organic acids. This study was conducted in two sections to investigate the ability of actinomycete strains to increase phosphorus solubility, improve soil properties, and enhance barley plant growth.

Methodology

Firstly, a factorial experiment was designed using a completely randomized design that included 29 actinomycete strains and three types of culture media (GA, NBRIP, and SMM) in triplicate. The study evaluated the ability of the strains to dissolve P and alter the pH of the culture media. Based on this analysis, the two best strains, S4A and S4F, were selected. In the second stage of the experiment, a completely randomized block design was implemented, consisting of four treatments: control (C), chemical fertilizer (CF), and two strains (S4A and S4F). Each treatment was replicated three times and applied to barley plants. After 40 days of barley cultivation and harvesting, the soil's chemical and biological properties, along with the plant growth index and morphological traits, were assessed. Additionally, to evaluate the plant's nutritional status, the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and iron in the plant shoot were measured.

Results

The results demonstrated that the effects of the culture medium, actinomycete strain, and their interaction on soluble P levels and pH were significant (p ≤ 0.01). The pH values ranged from 4.44 to 5.81. Notably, the GA medium had the highest average pH at 6.14, which also corresponded to the highest P solubility at 172.4 mg L-1, significantly different from the NBRIP and SMM media. Among the actinomycete strains, the highest P solubility was found in strain S16 at 198.16 mg L-1, while the lowest was observed in strain S12A at 76.7 mg L-1. Results of plant cultivation experiments indicated a significant effect of treatments on soil pH, available P, inorganic nitrogen, and organic carbon. The highest concentration of available P in the soil (29.7 mg kg-1) was recorded in the S4A treatment. Additionally, both inorganic nitrogen and available potassium levels increased significantly in the S4A and S4F treatments. The S4F treatment also exhibited the highest soil available iron content at 3.7 mg kg-1, which was not a significant difference from that in the S4A treatment. In terms of plant growth, measurements of stem length, root length, and shoot dry weight showed no significant differences between the C and the two actinomycete strains (P > 0.05). However, the levels of P and iron in plants treated with S4A and S4F were significantly higher than those in the C and CF treatments. There were no significant differences in plant potassium levels between the two types of strains and the CF treatments.

Conclusion

The results showed that using the actinomycete strains S4A and S4F as biofertilizers has a positive and significant impact on both the chemical and biological properties of the soil, as well as on the physiological characteristics of plants. Consequently, utilizing these actinomycete strains as biofertilizers can reduce the reliance on chemical fertilizers while simultaneously enhancing soil sustainability and fertility. Therefore, it is recommended to combine biological methods with chemical fertilizers to promote sustainable agriculture and protect the environment.

Author Contributions

For this research article, the individual contributions are as follows: “Conceptualization, [Author A and C]; methodology, [Author D]; software, [Author C]; validation, [Author B]; formal analysis, [Author A]; investigation, resources, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, [Author A] writing—review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition [Author A and B]. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.” Please turn to the CRediT taxonomy for the term explanation. Authorship must be limited to those who have contributed substantially to the work reported. Data Availability Statement. The data that support the findings of this study are available.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available.

For further inquiries regarding the data, please contact author’s email.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 56, Issue 11
January 2026
Pages 3107-3128

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