Evaluation of sediment pollution by heavy elements using geochemical data and pollution indicators (case study: Eraghi basin in Esfaryen city)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Geography Education, Farhangian University,Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor of Climatology, Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor of Climatology at Imam Ali Officer University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Due to various activities, heavy metals can be released in the environment and endanger the health of people in the society. Considering the importance of the subject, the present research has investigated the contamination of Araghi catchment basin sediments with heavy elements. For this purpose, 24 sediment samples were collected and the concentration of 11 heavy elements, including arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd), cobalt(Co), chromium(Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), Molibden(Mo), nickel (Ni), lead(Pb), vanadium (V)and aluminium(Al), were studied and pollution indicators were used to measure pollution. Based on the calculation of the enrichment index and according to the classification of Chen (2007), Mo (with an average of 0.91), Cu (with an average of 0.92) and Fe (with an average of 0.96) are among the elements without enrichment (less than 1) and the elements of Pb, Cr, As, Ni, Co and V are in the slightly enriched range in the region. Based on this index and the Anthropogenic Percent, the origin of all the studied elements is in the lithogenic area, which is caused by the weathering and erosion of the rock units of the area. The results of examining the Contamination factor, Modify Contamination Degree, Pollution Load Index and Geoaccumulation Index showed that the sediment samples in the study basin did not show any specific pollution and were classified as non-polluted. The average Ecological Risk index and Modified ecological risk index were obtained as 50.38 and 114.07, respectively, which according to Hakanson's classification, the state of Ecological Risk index and Modified ecological risk index of sediments in the studied area are low for heavy elements.

Keywords

Main Subjects

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

One of the major environmental problems in human societies that endangers the health of people is pollution with heavy metals. Heavy metals are of great ecological importance due to their high stability in the environment and accumulation in natural reservoirs and finally entering the food cycle. Although the risk of soil pollution is not less than other pollutions, but since this pollution is not tangible, less attention has been paid to it. On the other hand, due to the importance of sediment pollution and its transfer to plants, animals and humans and its impact on health, as well as the lack of study of sediment pollution in the Eraghi basin, this watershed was chosen to investigate and evaluate the concentration and pollution of heavy elements.

Methodology

In order to investigate the concentration of heavy elements in the sediments of the Eraghi Esfrain basin, 24 sediment samples were taken from a depth of 10 cm. Then, the concentration of 11 heavy elements from 24 test samples including As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, V and Al was investigated. Also, interpolation using the IDW method has been used to determine the area of ​​possible contamination. Then, the concentration of 11 heavy elements from 24 test samples including As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, V and Al was investigated. Factors such as Enrichment Factor, Anthropogenic Percent, contamination factor, modified contamination degree, pollution load index, ecological risk index and Modified ecological risk index were used to measure pollution.

Results and Discussion

The results of calculating the enrichment factor indicate that Molibden, copper and iron elements are among the elements without enrichment and lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, nickel, cobalt and vanadium elements are slightly enriched in the region. The study is lithogenic. According to the Anthropogenic Percent, 43.21% of cadmium concentration, 29.14% of arsenic and 26.86% of chromium in the sediments of the region were anthropogenic. The results of the contamination factor (CF) study showed that although all the investigated elements are in the category of low sediment pollution, but the highest values ​​of the pollution coefficient are related to the elements of cadmium, chromium and arsenic with the values ​​of 0.58, 0.67 and 0.67 respectively. It is 0.66. The results of calculating the modified contamination degree (MCD) and Pollution Load index (PLI) showed that the sediment samples in the studied basin do not show any specific pollution. The results of the soil contamination factor indicate that all the studied elements in the study area are in the pollution-free class. The results of the risk potential evaluation showed that the ecological risk potential coefficient was less than 40, which indicates that the risk potential is low. Considering that the average coefficient of the ecological risk index is equal to 50.38, which according to Hakanson's classification, the ecological risk status of sediments in the studied area is low in heavy elements. The modified ecological risk index was also calculated and its value was equal to 114.07. The results of this index as well as Hakanson's classification indicate that the study area is in the low category in terms of modified ecological risk status.

Conclusion

According to Rey et al.'s (2009) theory, the origin of all the studied elements is in the lithogenic area, which is caused by the weathering and erosion of the rock units of the area, and the influence of human factors is less in the studied basin. Sediment pollution zoning maps were prepared based on ecological risk index (RI) and Modified ecological risk index (MRI) indices, based on which and considering that based on these two indices, the study area is in the low pollution category. is located, it should be mentioned that the concentration of heavy metals is low, but the concentration of elements is higher in the east of the basin, which is located in the Mozdooran Formation. Therefore, according to all the indicators studied in this research, it should be said that the studied area has low pollution, despite the fact that the heavy elements in the study area are of earth-born origin, the reason for the transfer of these elements and also the possibility of increasing These elements should be more controlled by human activities in the field of using chemical fertilizers and insecticides to prevent harmful environmental effects.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.M.R and Gh.A.F.Gh and H.R.; methodology, M.M.R and H.R.; software, M.M.R and Gh.A.F.Gh and H.R .; validation, M.M.R and Gh.A.F.Gh.; formal analysis, M.M.R.; investigation, M.M.R and H.R.; resources, M.M.R and Gh.A.F.Gh.; data curation, M.M.R.; writing—original draft preparation, M.M.R and Gh.A.F.Gh.; writing—review and editing, M.M.R.; visualization, M.M.R.; supervision, M.M.R.; project administration, M.M.R and Gh.A.F.Gh.; funding acquisition,. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Data Availability Statement

Data available on request from the authors.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all participants of the present study.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 55, Issue 9
November 2024
Pages 1537-1564

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