The effect of land use on soil Physicochemical and biological characteristics in the west of Mazandaran province

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University. Noor. Iran

2 Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

3 Department of forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor.Iran

Abstract

Destruction of vegetation and land use change can have significant effects on the variability of soil characteristics. Based on this, the present research was conducted to study the change of land covers on the characteristics of the soil surface layer in Kohpar Nowshahr, Mazandaran province. For this purpose, different soil characteristics in land cover (Carpinus orientalis Miller.), Crataegus (Crataegus microphylla C. Koch.) and barberry (Berberis integerrima Bunge.), Rangeland with the dominance of Agropyrom longyaristatum species, Rangeland with The dominance of Cousinia commutate species, has been studied in Kohper research station. Therefore, three plots of one hectare (100 m x 100 m) were selected in each of the studied habitats. In each of the plots, 4 samples were taken from the surface layer of the soil (surface 30 cm x 30 cm, 10 cm depth) and a total of 12 soil samples from each of the studied habitats were taken to the laboratory for analysis. The results indicated the significant effects of different land uses on most physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil; So that the highest values of the characteristics of soil stability, clay content, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, fine-root and corse-root biomass, fulvic and humic acids and earthworms, acarina, nematodes, protozoa, fungi and bacterial populations and microbial characteristics were observed in the soil of Carpinus, Crataegus and barberry vegetation.The results of this research confirm that land cover Carpinus, Crataegus and barberry vegetation can lead to the maintenance of soil quality indicators in the semi-arid mountainous regions of the north of the country.

Keywords

Main Subjects

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

 

Introduction

Destruction of vegetation and land use change can have significant effects on the variability of soil characteristics. Physical, chemical and biological processes of the soil affect different layers of the soil. There are few reports of soil quality investigation in different land coners. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of forest, rangeland covers on soil characteristics in a semi-arid climate (which has habitats with sensitive and fragile conditions).

Materials and Methods

     In the present study, the effect land cover (Carpinus orientalis Miller.), Crataegus (Crataegus microphylla C. Koch.) and barberry (Berberis integerrima Bunge.), Rangeland with the dominance of Agropyrom longyaristatum species, Rangeland with The dominance of Cousinia commutate species on some soil characteristics has been studied in Kohper research station, Nowshahr city. In order to carry out this research, 4 samples were taken from the mineral layer of the soil (surface 30 cm x 30 cm, 10 cm depth) and were taken to the laboratory for analysis. One-way analysis of variance test was used to check the presence or absence of significant values of different soil characteristics in relation to the different types of covers studied. Determining the relationship between different soil characteristics in the studied covers was done using principal component analysis (PCA).

Results and Discussion

     The results indicated the significant effects of different land covers on soil characteristics. According to the findings of this research, the types of different covers studied caused changes in most of the soil quality characteristics. So that the highest values of the characteristics of soil stability, clay, macro-aggregate and micro-aggregate, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, coarse root and fine root biomass, urease enzyme, Invertase, acid phosphatase, aryl sulfatase, fulvic and humic acids, and Earthworms, acarina, nematodes, protozoa, fungi and bacterial populations and microbial characteristics were observed in the soil of Carpinus, Crataegus and barberry vegetation. The characteristics of organic matter, Particle density and soil silt did not show statistically significant differences among the habitats under study. According to the results of PCA analysis, the amount of organic matter, clay, fulvic and humic acids and the stability of soil of the lower part of Carpinus species had an effective role in increasing the soil microbial contribution of this type of cover compared to other covers.

Conclusions

     The results of this research confirm that cover Carpinus, Crataegus and barberry vegetation can lead to the maintenance of soil quality indicators in the semi-arid mountainous regions of the north of the country. In this regard, it is suggested to rehabilitate the degraded lands in the study area as well as areas with similar ecological conditions, along with other native covers of the area, special attention should be paid to the use of Carpinus, Crataegus and barberry vegetation for soil protection.

Author Contributions

Yahya Kooch: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project Administration, Software, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing. Atefeh Shahpiri: Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft. Halime Joloro: Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft. Katayoun Haghverdi: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Software. Mahmood Tavakoli FaizabadI: Methodology, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing.

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Acknowledgements

Hereby, we extend our thanks and appreciation to Tarbiat Modares University for providing the necessary facilities for conducting this research.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

References

Adl, S. M., Acosta-Mercado, D., Anderson, T. R. & Lynn, D. H. (2006). Protozoa, supplementary material. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, 2 (1): 455-470.
Alef, K., & Nannipieri, P. (1995). Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry (Issue 631.46 M592ma). Academic Press.
Aminiyan, M.M., Sinegani, A.A.S. & Sheklabadi, M. (2015). Aggregation stability and organic carbon fraction in a soil amended with some plant residues, nanozeolite, and natural zeolite. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 4(1), pp.11-22.
Anderson, T.H. & Domsch, K.H. (1990). Application of eco-physiological quotients (qCO2 and qD) on microbial biomasses from soils of different cropping histories. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22(2), pp.251-255.
Asadu, C. L. A., Nwafor, I. A. & Chibuike, G. U. (2015). Contributions of microorganisms to soil fertility in adjacent forest, fallow and cultivated land use types in Nsukka, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 5(3): 199-204.
Augusto, L., De Schrijver, A., Vesterdal, L., Smolander, A., Prescott, C., & Ranger, J. (2015). Influences of evergreen gymnosperm and deciduous angiosperm tree species on the functioning of temperate and boreal forests. Biological Reviews, 90(2), 444–466.
Bayranvand, M., Kooch, Y. & Rey, A. (2017). Earthworm population and microbial activity temporal dynamics in a Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forest. European Journal of Forest Research, 136 (3): 447-456.
Berkelmann, D., Schneider, D., Meryandini, A. & Daniel, R. (2020). Unravelling the effects of tropical land use conversion on the soil microbiome. Environmental Microbiome, 15 (3): 178-185.
Blair, G.J., Lefroy, R.D. and Lisle, L., 1995. Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation, and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural systems. Australian journal of agricultural research, 46(7), pp.1459-1466.
Blake, G. R. & Hartge, K. H. (1986). Particle density. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods, 2nd ed. SSSA Book Ser. 5. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp. 377–382.
Bower, C. A., Reitemeier, R. F. & Fireman, M. (1952). Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Science, 73: 251-261.
Brinkmann, N., Schneider, D., Sahner, J., Ballauff, J., Edy, N., Barus, H., Irawan, B., Budi, S. W., Qaim, M., Daniel, R. & Polle, A. (2019). Intensive tropical land use massively shifts soil fungal communities. Scientific Reports, 9 (1): 1-11.
Brookes, P. C., Landman, A., Pruden, G., & Jenkinson, D. S. (1985). Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 17(6), 837–842.
Chapman, H. D., & Pratt, P. F. (1962). Methods of analysis for soils, plants and waters. Soil Science, 93(1), 68.
Chase, P. & Singh, O.P. (2014). Soil nutrients and fertility in three traditional land use systems of Khonoma, Nagaland, India. Resources and Environment, 4(4), pp.181-189.
Chen, M., Xu, P., Zeng, G., Yang, C., Huang, D., and Zhang, J. (2015). Bioremediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum, pesticides, chlorophenols and heavy metals by composting: applications, microbes and future research needs. Biotechnology Advances. 33: 6. 745-755.
Cheng, F., Peng, X., Zhao, P., Yuan, J., Zhong, C., Cheng, Y., Cui, C., & Zhang, S. (2013). Soil microbial biomass, basal respiration and enzyme activity of main forest types in the Qinling Mountains. PloS One, 8(6), e67353.
Chi, Y., Shi, H., Wang, X., Qin, X., Zheng, W. & Peng, S. (2016). Impact factors identification of spatial heterogeneity of herbaceous plant diversity on five southern islands of Miaodao Archipelago in North China. Chinese journal of oceanology and limnology, 34(5), pp.937-951.
Cusack, D.F., Silver, W.L., Torn, M.S., Burton, S.D., and Firestone, M.K. (2011). Changes in microbial community characteristics and soil organic matter with nitrogen additions in two tropical forests. Ecology. 92: 621-632.
da Silva Delabona, P., Pirota, R. D. B., Codima, C. A., Tremacoldi, C. R., Rodrigues, A., & Farinas, C. S. (2012). Using Amazon forest fungi and agricultural residues as a strategy to produce cellulolytic enzymes. Biomass and bioenergy, 37, 243-250.
de Bl´ecourt, M., Brumme, R., Xu, J., Corre, M.D., Veldkamp, E., (2013). Soil carbon stocks decrease following conversion of secondary forests to rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations. PloS one 8 (7), e69357.
Elliott, E. T., & Cambardella, C. A. (1991). Physical separation of soil organic matter. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 34(1-4), 407-419.
Erdmann, G., Scheu, S. & Maraun, M. (2012). Regional factors rather than forest type drive the community structure of soil living oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 57(2):157-169.
Ezeaku, P.I. (2015).Evaluation of agro-ecological approach to soil quality assessment for sustainable land use and management system. Sci. Res, 10, 501–512.
Fabíola Barros, M., Pinho, B. X., Leão, T. & Tabarelli, M. (2018). Soil attributes structure plant assemblages across an Atlantic forest mosaic. Journal of Plant Ecology, 11(4): 613-622.
Fenetahun, Y., Yuan, Y., Xinwen, X., Fentahun, T., Nzabarinda, V. & Yong-dong, W. (2021). Impact of grazing intensity on soil properties in Teltele rangeland, Ethiopia. Frontiers Environmental Sciences, 9: 664104.
Ferreira, A. C. C., Leite, L. F. C., Araújo, A. S. F. & Eisenhauer, N. (2016). Land use type effects on soil organic Carbon and microbial properties in a semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil. Land Degradation and Development, 27(2): 171-178.‏
Finzi, A.C., Canham, C.D. and Van Breemen, N., 1998. Canopy tree-soil interactions within temperate forests: species effects on pH and cations. Ecological Applications, 8(2), pp.447-454.
Fouché, J., Christiansen, C. T., Lafrenière, M. J., Grogan, P., & Lamoureux, S. F. (2020). Canadian permafrost stores large pools of ammonium and optically distinct dissolved organic matter. Nature Communications, 11(1), 4500.
Ghazanshahi, J. (2006) ‘Soil and plant analysis. Homa publication, 272p.
 Ghosh, A. et al. (2020) ‘Soil enzymes and microbial elemental stoichiometry as bio-indicators of soil quality in diverse cropping systems and nutrient management practices of Indian Vertisols’, Applied Soil Ecology, 145, p. 103304.
Guangming, L., Xuechen, Z., Xiuping, W., Hongbo, S., Jingsong, Y., & Xiangping, W. (2017). Soil enzymes as indicators of saline soil fertility under various soil amendments. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 237, 274–279.
Hagen-Thorn, A., Callesen, I., Armolaitis, K. and Nihlgård, B., 2004. The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsoil in forest plantations on former agricultural land. Forest Ecology and Management, 195(3), pp.373-384.
Haghdoost, N., Akbarinia, M., Hosseini, S.M. & Kooch, Y. (2011). Conversion of Hyrcanian degraded forests to plantations: Effects on soil C and N stocks. Annals of Biological Research, 50(2), pp.385-399.
Heydari, M., Eslaminejad, P., Valizadeh Kakhki, F., Mirab-balou, M., Omidipour, R., Prévosto, B., Kooch, Y. & Lucas-Borja, M. E. (2020). Soil quality and mesofauna diversity relationship are modulated by woody species and seasonality in semiarid oak forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 473(10): 1-13.
Jagadamma, S., Mayes, M. A., Steinweg, J. M. & Schaeffer, S. M. (2014). Substrate quality alters the microbial mineralization of added substrate and soil organic carbon. Biogeosciences, 11: 4665–4678.
Jiao, S., Li, J., Li, Y., Xu, Z., Kong, B., Li, Y., & Shen, Y. (2020). Variation of soil organic carbon and physical properties in relation to land uses in the Yellow River Delta, China. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 20317.
Jones, D. L., & Willett, V. B. (2006). Experimental evaluation of methods to quantify dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38(5), 991–999.
Karamian, M., Mirzaei, J., Heydari, M., Kooch, Y. and Labelle, E.R. 2023. Seasonal effects on native and non-native woody species on soil chemical and biological properties in semi-arid forests, western Iran. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 23: 4474-4490.
Kemper, W. D., & Rosenau, R. C. (1986). Aggregate stability and size distribution. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 5, 425–442.
Kooch, Y. & Ghaderi, E. (2023). The effect of Crataegus and Berberis canopy types on bioindicators of soil quality in a semi-arid climate. Journal of Arid Environments. 208, 104862.
Kooch, Y., & Noghre, N. (2020). Nutrient cycling and soil-related processes under different land covers of semi-arid rangeland ecosystems in northern Iran. Catena, 193, 104621.
Kooch, Y., Ghorbanzadeh, N., Hajimirzaaghaee, S. & Francaviglia, R. (2023). Soil biological    quality as affected by vegetation types in shrublands of a semi-arid montane environment. Applied Soil Ecology. 189.
Kooch, Y., Samadzadeh, B. & Hosseini, S. M. (2017). The effects of broad-leaved tree species on litter quality and soil properties in a plain forest stand. Catena, 150 (3): 223-229.
Korboulewsky, N., Perez, G., & Chauvat, M. (2016). How tree diversity affects soil fauna diversity: A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 94(3): 94-106.
Lagomarsino, A., Benedetti, A., Marinari, S., Pompili, L., Moscatelli, M. C., Roggero, P. P., Lai, R., Ledda, L. and Grego, S. 2011. Soil organic C variability and microbial functions in a Mediterranean agro-forest ecosystem. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 47(3): 283-291.
Landi, L., Renella, G., Moreno, J. L., Falchini, L. and Nannipieri, P. 2000. Influence of cadmium on the metabolic quotient, L-: D-glutamic acid respiration ratio and enzyme activity: microbial biomass ratio under laboratory conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 32(1): 8-16.
 Lee, S.-H., Kim, M.-S., Kim, J.-G., & Kim, S.-O. (2020). Use of soil enzymes as indicators for contaminated soil monitoring and sustainable management. Sustainability, 12(19), 8209.
 Leul, Y., Assen, M., Damene, S., & Legass, A. (2023). Effects of land use types on soil quality dynamics in a tropical sub-humid ecosystem, western Ethiopia. Ecological Indicators, 147, 110024.
Li, L., Vogel, J., He, Z., Zou, X., Ruan, H., Huang, W., Wang, J. & Bianchi, T.S. (2016). Association of soil aggregation with the distribution and quality of organic carbon in soil along an elevation gradient on Wuyi Mountain in China. PloS one, 11(3), p.e0150898.
Luo, G., Xue, C., Jiang, Q., Xiao, Y., Zhang, F., Guo, S., Shen, Q., & Ling, N. (2020). Soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling microbial populations and their resistance to global change depend on soil C: N: P stoichiometry. Msystems, 5(3), e00162-20.
Mao, R., Zeng, D.H., Ai, G.Y., Yang, D., Li, L.J. & Liu, Y.X. (2010). Soil microbiological and chemical effects of a nitrogen-fixing shrub in poplar plantations in semi-arid region of Northeast China. European Journal of Soil Biology, 46(5), pp.325-329.
Marcos, E., Calvo, L., Marcos, J. M., Taboada, A. & Tarrega, R. (2010). Tree effects on the chemical topsoil features of oak, beech and pine forests. European Journal of Forest Research, 129: 25–30.
Marzi, M. et al. (2020) ‘The influence of organic amendment source on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in different soils’, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 20, pp. 177–191.
Matute, M. M. (2013). Soil nematodes of brassica rapa: influence of temperature and pH. Advances in Natural Science, 6(4): 20-26.
Menta, C. (2012) ‘Soil fauna diversity-function, soil degradation, biological indices, soil restoration’, Biodiversity conservation and utilization in a diverse world, pp. 59–94.
Meyfroidt, P., Vu, T.P. & Hoang, V.A. (2013). Trajectories of deforestation, coffee expansion and displacement of shifting cultivation in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), pp.1187-1198.
Moges, A., Dagnachew, M., and Yimer, F. (2013). Land use effects on soil quality indicators: a case study of Abo- Wonsho Southern Ethiopia. Applied and Environmental Soil Sciences, Article ID 784989: 9p.
Moghimian, N., Hosseini, S.M., Kooch, Y., and Darki, B.Z. (2017). Impacts of changes in land use/cover on soil microbial and enzyme activities. Catena. 157: 407-414.
Mulia, R., Hoang, S.V., Dinh,V. M., Duong, N.B.T., Nguyen, A.D., Lam, D.H., Thi Hoang, D.T. & van Noordwijk, M. (2021). Earthworm diversity, forest conversion and agroforestry in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam. Land, 10(1): 10-36.
Neatrour, M. A., Jones, R. H., & Golladay, S. W. (2005). Correlations between soil nutrient availability and fine-root biomass at two spatial scales in forested wetlands with contrasting hydrological regimes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35(12), 2934–2941.
Neher, D., Wu, J., Barbercheck, M. & Anas, O. (2005). Ecosystem type affects interpretation of soil nematode community measures. Applied Soil Ecology, 30 (1): 47-64.
Nilsson, M.-C., Wardle, D. A., & Dahlberg, A. (1999). Effects of plant litter species composition and diversity on the boreal forest plant-soil system. Oikos, 16–26.
Nsabimana, D., Klemedtson, L., Kaplin, B.A. & Wallin, G. (2008). Soil carbon and nutrient accumulation under forest plantations in southern Rwanda. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(6), pp.142-149.
Ollinger, S.V., Smith, M. L., Martin, M. E., Hallett, R. A., Goodale, C. L. & Aber, J. D. (2002). Regional variation in foliar chemistry and N cycling among forests of diverse history and composition. Ecology, 83(2): 339-355.
Osburn, E.D., McBride, S.G., Aylward, F.O., Badgley, B.D., Strahm, B.D., Knoepp, J.D. & Barrett, J. E. (2019). Soil bacterial and fungal communities exhibit distinct long-term responses to disturbance in temperate forests. Frontiers Microbiology, 10(12): 2872.
Osman, K.T. (2013). Physical properties of forest soils. In Forest Soils (pp. 19-44). Springer, Cham.
Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., & Jeeney, D. R. (1750). Methods of soil analysis, Part 1. Physical properties. SSSA Publication, Madison.
Palansooriya, K.N. et al. (2019) ‘Response of microbial communities to biochar-amended soils: a critical review’, Biochar, 1, pp. 3–22.
Paz-Ferreiro, J., Gascó, G., Gutiérrez, B. and Méndez, A. 2012. Soil biochemical activities
and the geometric mean of enzyme activities after application of sewage sludgeand
sewage sludge biochar to soil. Biology and fertility of soils, 48(5): 511-517.
Pires, L. F., Brinatti, A. M., Saab, S. C., & Cássaro, F. A. M. (2014). Porosity distribution by computed tomography and its importance to characterize soil clod samples. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 92, 37–45.
Qiu, Q., Li, J. Y., Wang, J. H., He, Q., Su, Y., & Ma, J. W. (2015). Interactions between soil water and fertilizer application on fine root biomass yield and morphology of Catalpa bungei seedlings. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 700, 323–333.
Rahman, M. U., Dey, T., & Biswas, J. (2023). Land-use change and forest cover depletion in Bhawal National Park, Gazipur, Bangladesh from 2005 to 2020. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(1), 201.
Rezaee, L., Moosavi, A. A., Davatgar, N., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2020). Soil quality indices of paddy soils in Guilan province of northern Iran: Spatial variability and their influential parameters. Ecological Indicators, 117, 106566.
Robertson, G. P., Coleman, D. C., Sollins, P., & Bledsoe, C. S. (1999). Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press on Demand.
Rothe, A., Cromack, K., Resh, S.C., Makineci, E. & Son, Y. (2002). Soil carbon and nitrogen changes under Douglas-fir with and without red alder. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66(6), pp.1988-1995.
Rqnn, R. M., Griffiths, B. S. & Young, I. M. (2001). Protozoa, nematodes and N-mineralization across a prescribed soil textural gradient. Pedobiologia, 45(6): 481-495.
Sabais, A. C. W., Scheu, S. and Eisenhauer, N. 2011. Plant species richness drives the density and diversity of Collembola in temperate grassland. Acta Oecologica, 37(3): 195-202.
Sabrina, T., Hanafi, M. M., Nor Azwady, A. A. & Mahmud, T. M. M. (2009). Earthworm populations and cast properties in the soils of Oil Palm plantations. Journal of Soil Sciences, 13: 29-42.
Sarlo, M. (2006). Individual tree species effect on earthworm biomass in a tropical plantation panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 42(3): 419-427.
Scanes, C. G. 2018. Human Activity and Habitat Loss: Destruction, Fragmentation, and Degradation. In: Animals and Human Society. Elsevier, p. 451-482.
Schellenberg, J. & Bergmeier, E. (2020). Heathland plant species composition and vegetation structures reflect soil-related paths of development and site history. Applied Vegetation Sciences, 23(3):386-405.
Seighalani, S., Ramazanpoor, H. and Kahneh, H. (2015) ‘The effect of Taxadium, Alnus and Poplus on soil chemical in forest areas, Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh region’, Iranian Journal of Soil Researches, 29, pp. 233–241.
Shankar, A., & Garkoti, S. C. (2024). Influence of forest types on soil physicochemical and biological characteristics of associated agroecosystems in the central Himalaya. Science of The Total Environment, 906, 167731.
Sharrow, S. H., & Ismail, S. (2004). Carbon and nitrogen storage in agroforests, tree plantations, and pastures in western Oregon, USA. Agroforestry Systems, 60, 123–130.
Silver, W.L., Neff, J., McGroddy, M., Veldkamp, E., Keller, M. & Cosme, R. (2000). Effects of soil texture on belowground carbon and nutrient storage in a lowland Amazonian forest ecosystem. Ecosystems, 3(2), pp.193-209.
Singh, J.S., Singh, D.P. & Kashyap, A.K. (2009). A comparative account of the microbial biomass-N and N-mineralization of soils under natural forest, grassland and crop field from dry tropical region, India. Plant Soil Environ, 55(6), pp.223-230.
Six, J., Callewaert, P., Lenders, S., De Gryze, S., Morris, S.J., Gregorich, E.G., Paul, E.A. & Paustian, K. (2002). Measuring and understanding carbon storage in afforested soils by physical fractionation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66(6), pp.1981-1987.
Sofo, A., Mininni, A. N., & Ricciuti, P. (2020). Soil macrofauna: A key factor for increasing soil fertility and promoting sustainable soil use in fruit orchard agrosystems. Agronomy, 10(4), 456.
Sohrabi, H., Jourgholami, M., Lo Monaco, A., & Picchio, R. (2022). Effects of Forest Harvesting Operations on the Recovery of Earthworms and Nematodes in the Hyrcanain Old-Growth Forest: Assessment, Mitigation, and Best Management Practice. Land, 11(5), 746.
Stott, D.E. (2019) ‘Recommended soil health indicators and associated laboratory procedures’, Soil Health Technical Note [Preprint], (450–03).
Sullivan, P.F., Stokes, M.C., McMillan, C.K. and Weintraub, M. N. 2020. Labile carbon limits late winter microbial activity near Arctic tree line. Nature Communications, 11(1): 1-9.
Tavakoli, M., Kooch, Y., & Akbarinia, M. (2018a). Frequency and diversity of worms in topsoil of degraded and reclaimed forest habitats of the Caspian region. Iranian Journal of Forest, 10 (3), 293–306.
Tong, H. et al. (2021) ‘Land-use change and environmental properties alter the quantity and molecular composition of soil-derived dissolved organic matter’, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 5(6), pp. 1395–1406.
Uvarov, A. V. (2009). Inter- and intraspecific interactions in lumbricid earthworms: their role for earthworm performance and ecosystem functioning. Pedobiologia, 53(1): 1-27.
Vashisht, B. B., Maharjan, B., Sharma, S., & Kaur, S. (2020). Soil quality and its potential indicators under different land use systems in the Shivaliks of Indian Punjab. Sustainability, 12(8), 3490.
Veldkamp, E., Schmidt, M., Powers, J.S., Corre, M.D., (2020). Deforestation and reforestation impacts on soils in the tropics. Nat. Rev. 1 (11), 590–605.
Vořiškova, J., Brabcova, V., Cajthaml, T. & Baldrian, P. (2014). Seasonal dynamics of fungal communities in a temperate oak forest soil. New Physiologist, 201(1): 269-278.
Wadud Khan, M.A., Bohannan, B.J.M., Nusslein, K., Tiedje, J.M., Tringe, S.G., Parlade, E., Barberan, A. & Rodrigues, J.L.M. (2019). Deforestation impacts network co-occurrence patterns of microbial communities in Amazon soils. Microbiology Ecology, 95(2): 1-12.
Wang, Q., & Dalal, S. (2006). Microbial biomass in subtropical forest soils: effect of conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation. Journal of Forestry Research, 17(3), 197–200.
Wang, Q., Xiao, F., He, T., & Wang, S. (2010). Responses of labile soil organic carbon and enzyme activity in mineral soils to forest conversion in the subtropics. Annals of Forest Science, 70, 579–587.
Wani, F.S., Akhter, F., Mir, S., Baba, Z.A., Maqbool, S., Zargar, M.Y., and Nabi, S.U. (2018). Assessment of soil microbial status under different land use systems in North Western zone of Kashmir. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 7: 8. 266.
Wenxiang, H., Xin, J., & Yongrong, B. (2002). Study on soil enzyme activity effected by dimehypo. Xibei Nonglin Keji Daxue Xuebao (China).
Wollum, A. G. (1982). Cultural methods for soil microorganisms. Methods of soil analysis: part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 9: 781-802.
Xiao, L., Bi, Y., Du, S., Wang, Y., Guo, C. & Christie, P. (2021). Response of ecological stoichiometry and stoichiometric homeostasis in the plant-litter-soil system to re-vegetation type in arid mining subsidence areas. Journal of Arid Environments, 184(7): 1-9.
Yemefack M., Jetten V.G., and Rossiter D.G. 2006. Developing a minimum data set for characterizing soil dynamics in shifting cultivation systems. Soil and Tillage Research, 86: 84–98
Yuan, Z. Y. & Chen, H. Y. (2010). Fine Root Biomass, Production, Turnover Rates, and Nutrient Contents in Boreal Forest Ecosystems in Relation to Species, Climate, Fertility, and Stand Age: Literature Review and Meta-Analyses. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 29(4): 204-221.
Zahedifar, M. (2023). Assessing alteration of soil quality, degradation, and resistance indices under different land uses through network and factor analysis. Catena, 222.
Zancan, S., Trevisan, R. & Paoletti, M. G. (2006). Soil algae composition under different agro-ecosystems in North-Eastern Italy. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 112(1): 1–12.
Zhang, L., Jing, Y., Chen, C., Xiang, Y., Rezaei Rashti, M., Li, Y., Deng, Q., & Zhang, R. (2021). Effects of biochar application on soil nitrogen transformation, microbial functional genes, enzyme activity, and plant nitrogen uptake: A meta‐analysis of field studies. GCB Bioenergy, 13(12), 1859–1873.
Zhao, C., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Miao, Y., Liu, M., Zhuang, W., Shao, Y., Zhang, W., & Fu, S. (2021). Considerable impacts of litter inputs on soil nematode community composition in a young Acacia crassicapa plantation. Soil Ecology Letters, 3, 145–155.
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 55, Issue 8
October 2024
Pages 1323-1343

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics