Modeling the kinetic equations in describing the release rate of lead in a naturally contaminated calcareous soil treated with different biochars

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahr-e-kord University, Shahr-e-kord, Iran.

2 water and soil unit, agricultural research, education and extension organization,, Shahr-e-kord, Iran.

Abstract

Mining activities provide a pathway for the entry and accumulation of heavy metals in soil. Utilization of biochars could remediate such contaminated soils. Therefore, in this study, the impact two percent of different wastes and biochars (prepared at temperature of 600 °C) was investigated on the availability and release kinetics of lead in polluted soil. Sandy loam calcareous soil, which was collected near Bama lead and zinc mine located in Sepahan Shahr city, was treated with residues and biochars and incubated for 120 days. Then the availability and release kinetics of lead were measured in control and treatments extracting with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid solutions (DTPA-TEA) during 504 hours. Results showed that treating soils with biochars, decreased the bioavailablaty and release kinetics of Pb significantly in comparison with control. The comparison of the coefficient of explanation (R2) and the standard error of estimation (SEE) of equations showed that simple Elovich equations, power function and first order equations had the highest coefficient of explanation and the lowest standard error of estimate for control and treated soils. So, these mathematical equations have been useful in explaining the cumulative release and release rate of Pb. Values of 1/β (derived from the simplified Elovich equation) and b (derived from the power function equation) changed from 161.47 – 237.18 mg kg-1 h-1 and 0.245 – 0.299 mg kg-1 h-1, respectively. Correlation analysis study, between DTPA-Pb with constants illustrated that among the constants, “K1”, “1/β”, “b”, and “a*b” were better parameters to predict the release kinetics of Pb.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Modeling the Kinetics Equations in Describing the Release Rate of Lead in a Naturally Contaminated Calcareous Soil Treated with Different Biochars

 

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

 

Introduction

Agricultural practices such as mining activities have led to the excessive release of heavy metals such as Pb into the environment, creating a major global concern related to environmental and human health problems. Release kinetics controls the migration of toxic trace elements (PTEs) over time between the solid phase and soil solution. Evaluating PTEs’ release rate through time supports more accurate prediction models of toxicity in polluted soils. The feasibility of residues and biochars were evaluated as adsorbents in heavy metal-contaminated soils. The objective of this study was to assess efficacy of wastes (walnut hull, almond hull, bagasse sugarcane, canola rapeseed, compost, shahrekord sewage sludge, Isfahan sewage sludge) and biochars obtained for reducing lead concentration in polluted soil.

Methodology

The polluted soil treatments were amended with wastes (walnut hull, almond hull, bagasse sugarcane, canola rapeseed, compost, Shahrekord sewage sludge, Isfahan sewage sludge) and derived biochars at a w/w ratio of 2% and incubated for 120 days. After incubation, the soil samples were collected, and the bioavailability and release kinetics (2 to 504 h) of Pb were measured extracting DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) solutions.

Results and Discussions

Results showed that soils treated with biochars could reduce the release of bioavailability and release kinetics of Pb significantly in comparison with control. Applying Isfahan urban waste compost, Shahrekord sewage sludge, and Isfahan sewage sludge increased, whereas, other wastes reduced the availability of Pb significantly, compared to the control. Biochars prepared from walnut hull and almond hull lessened DTPA-Pb by 37.68 % and 41.58 %, respectively. Calculating the highest coefficient of determination (r2) and the lowest value of the standard error of estimate (SEE) among equations, the best reaction rate could be expressed by the simplified Elovich, power function, and first order equations. These mathematical equations have been useful in explaining the cumulative release and release rate of Pb. Values of 1/β (derived from the simplified Elovich equation) and b (derived from the power function equation) changed from 161.47 – 237.18 mg kg-1 h-1 and 0.245 – 0.299 mg kg-1 h-1, respectively. Correlation analysis study, between DTPA-Pb with constants and cumulative amounts of Pb illustrated that cumulative amounts of Pb presented a positive and significant correlation with DTPA-Pb. Results revealed among the constants, “K1”, “1/β”, “b”, and “a*b” were better parameters predicting Pb release extracted by DTPA-TEA in control and treatments.

Conclusion

According to results, biochars possessed greater specific surface area, pH, and electrical conductivity than residues and had more effects on reducing the availability and cumulative amount of lead in the treatments. Also, biochars with higher specific surface area, pH, and electrical conductivity significantly reduced the availability and cumulative amount of lead, in such a way that the reduction of availability and cumulative amount of lead was in the order: walnut hull biochar > almond hull biochar > sugarcane bagasse biochar > rapeseed residue biochar> Isfahan urban waste compost biochar> Shahrekord sewage sludge biochar> Isfahan sewage sludge biochar.

Results illustrated that the application of 2% biochars could stabilize more the release rate of Pb from polluted calcareous soils to the solution in comparison with wastes. So, biochars succeeded more in decreasing the release kinetics and bioavailability of Pb in treatments.

 

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Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 55, Issue 5
August 2024
Pages 815-832

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