Recent Advances and Research Trends in the Eco-friendly Lignin-based Fertilizers: Production Technologies, Process Mechanisms and Performance Appraisal

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Full Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor , Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

In circular bioeconomy viewpoint, sustainable development of biorefineries requires to use the lignocellulosic biomass completely to produce high value-added bioproducts. The lignin products market was 750 million US$ in 2018 and is predicted to reach 1460 million US$ by the end of 2025. In industrial processes, the large amounts of industrial lignins as technical lignins or biorefinery lignins are formed as by‐products. Annually, about 150-180 million tons of industrial lignins is generated in worldwide. Most of industrial lignins are directly combusted to obtain heat, which not only is a loss of organic matter but also leads to environmental pollution issues. Therefore, developing the lignin-based fertilizers has become an important research topic for eco-friendly agricultural practices. Interestingly, lignin can be used as slow‐release carriers, coating materials, soil conditioners and chelated micro-fertilizers due to its excellent slow-release properties, chelating and other functionalities. Lignin-based fertilizers have several specific properties including the slow dissolution, adsorptivity, biocompatibility, controlled-release, biodegradability, nonvolatility, long-term stability, anti-leaching, low pollution, high fertilizer efficiency, low price and higher biological activity. Lignin can delay the dissolution of the nutrients (nitrogen, phosphate, etc.) in the modified fertilizer to improve the slow-release performance and also delay hydrolysis of urea by inhibiting the soil urease activity and inhibit the conversion of NH4+-N to NO3--N, thereby increasing the utilization of NH4+-N. Lignin‐based fertilizers prepared by sustainable chemical, coating and micro-chelation modifications. This review, exhaustively scrutinizes and reports the recent research advances in the lignin extraction methods, underlying mechanisms, characterization and applications of the above methods for preparing lignin‐based fertilizers.

Keywords


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