Field Evaluation of Some of the Grain-size Analysis Methods for Determining Hydraulic Conductivity of Streambed

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development,, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz,, Iran.

2 Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran

3 Department of Hydraulic Structures, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz,, Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

To determine the water exchanges between surface and ground waters through river bed, it is necessary to have an accurate estimation of hydraulic conductivity of the river bed. But, the measurement of river bed hydraulic conductivity is difficult, time-consuming and costly. The grain size analysis methods estimate the hydraulic conductivity using the data obtained from the grain size distribution curve and the porosity of the soil, without any field measurements. The purpose of this study is to compare the estimated hydraulic conductivities, using some grain-size analysis equations (Kg), with the values measured by permeameter (Kv) method in Karkheh, Dez and, Shavoor river beds in Shush County, Khuzestan Province. In this study, the accuracy of seven empirical equations were investigated using 18 samples obtained from the measuring stations. The Kv values at Karkheh, Dez, and Shavoor river bed were measured to be 2.15, 2.94 and 0.03 m/day, respectively. In Shavoor River bed with clay texture, all the equations overestimate the Kg up to 84.6 times more than the Kv. While, in the other rivers with coarse grains, the estimated Kg by Alyamani-sen was less than the Kv, and the Kg estimated by Terzaghi, Hazen, Beyer and USBR was more than the Kv and the Kg estimated by Slichter and Kozney equations resulted a Kg close to the Kv. Moreover, the ratio of the new proposed C coefficient to the original C coefficient of equations were calculated between "0.15 to 2.1". Based on the results, it is necessary to use the modified coefficient of C for utilization of grain size methods.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Alaoui, A., Lipiec, J., and Gerke, H. H. (2011). A review of the changes in the soil pore system due to soil deformation: A hydrodynamic perspective. Soil and Tillage Research, 115, 1-5.
Alyamani, M. S., and Şen. Z. (1993). Determination of hydraulic conductivity from complete grain-size distribution. Groundwater, 31 (4), 551–555.
Azarang, F., Telvari, A., Sedghi, H., and Shafai-Bejestan, M. (2016). Evaluating of Erosion and Sedimentation of Karkheh River at Downstream of Reservoir Dam. Iran-Watershed Management Science & Engineering, 10(34), 15-27. (In Farsi)
ASTM D7928. Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer) Analysis.
ASTM D 6913. Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis.
Bear, J., 1972. Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, first ed. New York, American Elsevier.
Bagarello, V., Iovino, M., and Lai. J. (2016). Testing steady-state analysis of single-ring and square pressure infiltrometer data. Geoderma, 261, 101–109.
Cey, E.E., Rudolph, D. L., Parkin, G. W., and Aravena. R. (1998). Quantifying groundwater discharge to a small perennial stream in southern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Hydrology, 210 (1-4), 31-37.
Chen, X. (2000). Measurement of streambed hydraulic conductivity and its anisotropy. Environmental Geology, 39 (12),1317–1324.
Chen, X.H., 2004 Streambed hydraulic conductivity for rivers in South-Central Nebraska. Journal of the American Resources Association, 561-573.
Chen, X. H., Song, J., Cheng, C., Wang, D., and Lackey, S. O. (2009). A new method for mapping variability in vertical seepage flux in streambeds. Hydrogeology Journal,17(3):519–525.
Cheng, C., Song, J., Chen, X., and Wang, D., (2011). Statistical distribution of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity along the Platte River, Nebraska. Water resources management, 25 (1), 265-285.
Cheong, J. Y., Hamm, S. Y., Kim, H. S., Ko, E. J., Yang, K., and Lee, J. H. (2008). Estimating hydraulic conductivity using grain-size analyses, aquifer tests, and numerical modeling in a riverside alluvial system in South Korea. Hydrogeology Journal, 16, 1129–1143.
Chua, L. H. C., Lo, E. Y. M., Freybery, D. L., Shuy, E. B., Lim, T. T., Tan, S. K., and Ngonidzashe, M. (2007). Hydrostratigraphy and geochemistry at a coastal sandhill in Singapore. Hydrogeology Journal, 15 (8), 1591–1604.
Fetter, C.W., 2001. Applied hydrogeology., 4th edn. (Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall).
Genereux, D. P., Leahy, S., Mitasova, H., Kennedy, C. D., and Corbett, D. R. (2008). Spatial and temporal variability of streambed hydraulic conductivity in West Bear Creek, North Carolina, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 358, 332–353.
Hatch, C. E., Fisher, A. T., Ruehl, C. R., and Stemler, G. (2010). Spatial and temporal variations in streambed hydraulic conductivity quantified with time series thermal methods. Journal of Hydrology, 389, 276–288.
Hvorslev, M. J. (1951). Time Lag and Soil Permeability in Groundwater Observations. US Army Bulletin 36, US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Kalbus, E., Reinstorf, F., and Schirmer, M. (2006). Measuring methods for groundwater, surface water and their interactions: a review. Hydrology Earth System and Sciences,10, 873–887.
Kasenow, M. (2002). Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity from Grain Size Analysis. Littleton, Colorado: Water Resources Publications LLC.
Kvam, P. H., and Vidakovic, B. (2007). Nonparametric Statistics with Applications to Science and Engineering. Jhon Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Landon, M. K., Rus, D. L., and Harvey, F. E., (2001) Comparison of in stream methods for measuring hydraulic conductivity in sand streambeds. Groundwater, 39(6), 870-885.
Lee, D. R., and Cherry, J. A. (1978). A field exercise on groundwater flow using seepage meters and mini-piezometers. Journal of Geological Education. 27, 6-10.
Lopez, O.M., Jadoon K. Z., and Missimer. T. M. (2015). Method of Relating Grain Size Distribution to Hydraulic Conductivity in Dune Sands to Assist in Assessing Managed Aquifer Recharge Projects: Wadi Khulays Dune Field, Western Saudi Arabia. Water, 7, 6411-6426.
Lu, C., Chen, X., Cheng, C., Ou, G., and Shu, L., (2012). Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of shallow streambed sediments and comparison with the grain‐size analysis results.  Hydrological Processes, 26(3), 454-466.
McKenzie, C. (2008). Measurements of Hydraulic Conductivity Using Slug Tests in Comparison to Empirical Calculations for Two Streams in the Pacific Northwest, USA. M.S. Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.
Moazami, M., Feiznia, S., Khayyat Kholghi, M. and Malekian, A. (2017). Evaluating of Efficiency of Empirical Formulae Based on Grain-Size and Infiltration Equations for Estimating Sediment Hydraulic Conductivity (Case Study: Jarmeh Flood Spreading System, Khuzestan Province). journal of Range and Watershed Managment, 70(1), 235-246. (In Farsi)
Odong, J. (2007). Evaluation of empirical formulae for determination of hydraulic conductivity based on grain-size analysis. Journal of American Science, 3(3), 54–60.
Packman, A. I., Salehin, M., and Zaramella, M. (2004). Hyporheic exchange with gravel beds: Basic hydrodynamic interactions and bed form- induced advective flow. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 130, 647–656.
Rosas, J., Lopez, O., Missimer, T. M., Coulibaly, K. M., Dehwah, A. H., Sesler, K., Lujan, L. R. and Mantilla, D. (2014). Determination of hydraulic conductivity from grain‐size distribution for different depositional environments. Groundwater, 52 (3), 399-413.
Rosenberry, D. O., (2005). Integrating seepage heterogeneity with the use of ganged seepage meters. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 3(2), 131-142.
Rosenberry, D. O. (2008). A seepage meter designed for use in flowing water. Journal of Hydrology, 359, 118–130.
Sebok, E., Duque, C., Engesgaard, P. and Boegh, E., (2015). Spatial variability in streambed hydraulic conductivity of contrasting stream morphologies: channel bend and straight channel. Hydrological Processes, 29(3), 458-472.
Song, J., Chen, X., Cheng, C., Wang, D., Lackey, S., and Xu, Z. (2009). Feasibility of grain-size analysis methods for determination of vertical hydraulic conductivity of streambeds. Journal of Hydrology, 375(3-4), 428-437.
Sophocleous, M. (2002). Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science, Hydrogeology journal, 10, 52–67.
Svensson, A., (2014). Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity from Grain Size Analyses, a comparative study of different sampling and calculation methods focusing on Västlänken. CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY. Göteborg, Sweden, Master’s Thesis, 2014:1. 96 pp.
Verbist, K. M. J., Cornelis, W. M., Torfs, S., and Gabriels, D. (2012). Comparing Methods to Determine Hydraulic Conductivities on Stony Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 77 (1), 25-42.
Vienken, T., and Dietrich, P. (2011). Field evaluation of methods for determining hydraulic conductivity from grain size data. Journal of Hydrology, 400, 58–71.
Vukovic, M., and Soro, A. (1992). Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity of Porous Media from Grain-Size Composition. Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colorado.
Wang, W., Li, J., Wang, W., Chen, X., Cheng, D. and Jia, J., 2014. Estimating streambed parameters for a disconnected river. Hydrological processes, 28(10), pp.3627-3641.
Zhang, S., Grip, H., and Lövdahl, L. (2006). Effect of soil compaction on hydraulic properties of two loess soils in China. Soil and Tillage Research, 90(1-2), 117-125.