Improving the Mechanical Behavior of Anthracene-Contaminated Kaolinite Clay Using Portland Cement and Lime

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kharazmi University, Karaj, Iran

Abstract

Leakage of hydrocarbon organic fluids into the soil usually causes a reduction in its bearing capacity and performance. Cementation is one of the most effective and suitable solutions to improve the geotechnical parameters of contaminated clays. In this study, the effect of Portland cement (3, 6 and 9%) and lime (10, 20 and 30%) on improvement of kaolinite clay contaminated with anthracene (0.06, 0.09 and 0.12%) was investigated by performing an experimental study. For this purpose, the samples were prepared as mixtures of clean or anthracene-contaminated clay with different cement and lime contents for a curing time of 7 days. Then, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on the samples. The results showed the strength reduction of anthracene-contaminated kaolinite clay compared to the clean soil. The reduction in the unconfined strength was about 46% with an increase in degree of contamination up to 0.12%. Adding Portland cement and lime to the clean and contaminated soil increased the compressive strength. As, the addition of 3% Portland cement or 10% lime to clay contaminated with 0.12% anthracene increased UCS up to 4 times. Thus, according to the results of soil improvement, the strength of soil-cement mixture containing 3% Portland cement is approximately equal to that of soil-lime containing 10% lime. Both the Portland cement and lime were capable of improving the strength of anthracene-contaminated soil. However, the rate of improvement by cement was more than that of lime. The main reason was due to the reduction of double layer thickness which causes flocculation of particles and tendency of clay structure to behave like granular soils.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1990). Public health statement, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Akinwumi, I., Booth, A. and Diwa, D. (2016). Cement stabilisation of crude-oil-contaminated soil. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering. 169(4), 336-345.
Ampera, B. and Aydogmus, T. (2005). Recent experiences with cement and lime – stabilization of local typical poor cohesive soil. In book: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Geotechnik der TU ergakademie Freiberg, Edition: Heft 2005-2, Publisher: TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Geotechnik, Editors: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Herbert Klapperich.121-144.
ASTM D698. (2012). Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort, American Society of Testing and Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
Brosky, R.T. and Pamukcu, S. (2015). Role of DDL processes during electrolytic reduction of Cu (II) in a low oxygen environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 262, 878-882.
Chen, H., Jiang, Y., Zhang, W., & He, X. (2017). Experimental study of the stabilization effect of cement on dieselcontaminated soil. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 50, 199–205.
Chi, F.H., Leu, M.H. and Lee, R.C. (2010). Removal of anthracene contaminated soil using soybean oil. Sustain. Environ. Res. 20(5), 275-280.
Chi, F-H., Lou, M.-H., Tsao, C-W. and Shiu, G-C. (2011). Removal of anthracene contaminated soil using micro-emulsified solvent and mixed surfactant. Sustain. Environ. Res. 21(3), 181-186.
Consoli, N.C., Foppa, D., Festugato, L., Heineck, K.S. (2007). Key parameters for strength control of artificially cemented soils. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 133 (2), 197-205.
Cuypers, C., Pancras, T., Grotenhuis, T. and Rulkens, W. (2002). The estimation of PAH bioavailability in contaminated sediments using hydroxypropyl-B-cyclodextrin and triton x-100 extraction techniques, Chemosphere, 46(8), 1235-1245.
Das, B.M. (2013). Advanced Soil Mechanics. CRC Press, Fifth Edition, US.
Delgado, L. and Romero, E.M. (2013). Removal of anthracene from recently contaminated and aged soils. Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 224(2), DOI: 10.1007/s11270-012-1420-1.
Delgado-Balbuena, L., Aquilar-Chàvez. A.R., Luna-Guido, M.L. and Dendooven, L. (2013). Mixing of an anthracene-contaminated soil: a simple but efficient remediation technique?. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 96(1), 238-241.
Eibes, G., L'u-Chau, T., Feijoo, G., Moreira, M.T. and Lema. J.M. (2005). Complete degradation of anthracene by Manganese Peroxidase in organic solvent mixtures. EnzymeandMicrobialTechnology. 37(4), 365-372.
Estabragh, A. R., Kholoosi, Ghaziani, M. F. and Javadi, A. A. (2018). Mechanical and leaching behavior of a stabilized and solidified anthracene-contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 144(2), DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001311.
Estabragh, A.R. Beytolahpour, I. & Javadi, A.A. (2011). Effect of resin on the strength of soil-cement
mixture. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 23(7), 969-976.
Estabragh, A.R. Khatibi, M. & Javadi, A.A. (2016). Effect of cement on treatment of a clay soil contaminated with glycerol, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(4), DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001443.
Ghadyani, M., Hamidi, A. and Hatambeigi, M. (2019). Triaxial shear behaviour of oil contaminated clays.  European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering. 23(1), 112-135.
Haeri, S.M., Hamidi, A., Hosseini, S.M., Asghari, E. and Toll. D. G. (2006). Effect of cement type on the mechanical behavior of a gravely sand. Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, 24, 335.
Hastuty, I. (2019). Comparison of the use of cement, gypsum, and limestone on the improvement of clay through unconfined compression test. Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum. 5(2), 131-138.
Human Health Risk Assessment. (2010). TechnicalDataReportAppendixD: ToxicologicalRreferenceValues.
Ismail, M.A., Joer, H.A., Sim, W.H. and Randolph, M.F. (2002). Effect of cement type on shear behavior of cemented calcareous soil. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. 128(6), 520–529.
Jedari, C., and Hamidi, A. (2013). Investigating the consolidation behavior of contaminated clay. Sharif Civil Engineering Journal. 29, 29–35 (In Farsi).
Juo, A. S. R. and Franzluebbers, K. (2004). Tropical soils: Properties and management for sustainable agriculture. Geoderma 123, 373–375.
Kennedy, T., Smith, R., Holgreen, R.J. and Tahmoressi, M. (1987). An evaluation of lime and cement stabilization. Transportation Research Board. 11-25.
Khamehchiyan, M., Charkhabi, A.H. and Tajik, M. (2007). Effects of crude oil contamination on geotechnical properties of clayey and sandy soils. Engineering Geology, 89, 220–229.
Kumar, A., Walia, B.S. and Bajaaj, A. (2007). Influence of fly ash, lime and polyester fibers on compacted and strength properties of expansive soil. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 19(3), 242-248.
Majeed, A.H., Al Zayadi, A. and Abdul Abbas, J.M. (2017). Improvement of unconfined compressive strength of natural organic soil. Civil and Environmental Research. 9(1), 47-52.
Maliszewska-Kordybach, B. (1999). Sources, concentrations, fate and effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. Part A: PAHs in Air. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 8(3), 131-136.
Mallik R. B., El-Korchi T. (2009). Pavement engineering: principle and practice, second Edition, CRS Press, Newyork, US.
Meegoda, J. N. Ezeldin, A. S. Vaccari, D. A. and Muller, R.T. (1994). Petroleum contaminated soils in highway construction. In: Proceedings of the 3rd materials engineering conference, infrastructure: new materials and methods of repair, San Diego, CA. 904–911.
Mohammadi, S. D. and Moharamzade Saraye, K. (2015). The study of workability of lime on improvement of oil materials contaminated soils around the Tabriz oil refinery. Modares Civil Engineering journal. 15, 223-233 (In Farsi).
Oldham, K.B. (2008). A Gouy-Chapman-Stern model of the double layer at a (metal)/ (ionic liquid) interface. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 613(2), 131-138.
Olgun, M. and Yildiz, M. (2012). The Effects of pore fluids with different dielectric constants on the geotechnical behaviour of kaolinite. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 37(7), DOI: 10.1007/s13369-012-0266-6.
Oluwatuyi, O., Ojuri, O. and Khoshghalb, A. (2020). Cement-lime stabilization of crude oil contaminated kaolin clay. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 12, 160-167.
Prusinski, J. R. and Bhattacharja, S. (1999). Effectiveness of Portland cement and Lime in stabilizing clay soils. Transportation Research Record. 1652(1), 215–227. 
Schmertmann, J., Teachavorasinskun A., S. and D. Zhao, A. (2001).Triaxial behavior of kaolinite in different pore fluids. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 127(5), DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:2(148).
Singh, S., Srivastava, R. and John, S. (2008). Settlement characteristics of clayey soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal. 17(3), 290-300.
Srivastava, L.P., Paramkusam, B.R. and Arun Prasad. (2010). Stabilisation of engine oil contaminated soil using cement kiln dust, proc. Indian Geotechncial Conference, GEOtrendz, IGS Mumbai Chapter & IIT Bombay. India.
Tremblay, H., Duchesne, J., Locat, J. and Leroueil S. (2002). Influence of the nature of organic compounds on fine soil stabilization with cement. Canadian Geotechnical J. 39, 535–546.
Vipulanandan, C. (1995). Effect of clays and cement on the solidification/stabilization of phenol-contaminated soils. Waste. Manage. 15, 399-406.
Wild, S. R. and Jones, K. C. (1995). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment: A preliminary source inventory and budget. Environ. Pollut. 88, 91-108.
Yong, R.N. and Mulligan, C.N. (2019). Natural attenuation of contaminants in soils, Second Edition, CRC Press, US.
Zanjarani Farahani, M. and Hamidi, A. (2014). Consolidation behavior and geotechnical parameters of oil contaminated kaolinite clay. Iranian Journal of Petroleum Geology. 4(8), 1-15 (In Farsi).
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 51, Issue 7
September 2020
Pages 1783-1795

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics