ارزیابی رفتار کادمیم در یک خاک آهکی متأثر از بیوچارهای بقایای پوست گردو پوشش داده شده با نانو ذرات آهن صفر ظرفیتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه پژوهشی محیط زیست، پژوهشگاه علوم و تکنولوژی پیشرفته و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تحصیلات تکمیلی صنعتی و فناوری پیشرفته، کرمان، ایران

چکیده

استفاده از سطوح بیوچار به عنوان بستری مناسب برای قرارگیری نانوذرات آهن صفر ظرفیتی می­تواند علاوه بر افزایش پایداری و کاهش آگلومراسیون این نانوذرات، سبب افزایش فرایندهای جذبی بیوچار برای آلاینده­های مختلف در محیط‌زیست شود. در این پژوهش، بقایای پوست گردو (R)، بیوچار بقایای پوست گردو (B)، و بیوچار بقایای پوست گردو پوشش داده شده با نانوذرات آهن صفر ظرفیتی (BN)، به صورت جداگانه در سه سطح (5/0، 2، و 4%) به یک خاک آهکی آلوده شده به کادمیم (200 میلی­گرم کادمیم بر کیلوگرم خاک)، اضافه و پس از انجام فرایند خوابانیدن (90 روز)، رفتار کادمیم در خاک با استفاده از آزمایشات سینتیک واجذب و شکل‌های شیمیایی، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد، کاربرد BN به طور قابل ملاحظه­ای نسبت به دو جاذب دیگر سبب کاهش واجذبی کادمیم (کاهش 69/59، 16/80 و 5/80 % به ترتیب در سطوح 5/0، 2، و 4%) در مقایسه با نمونه شاهد شد. مقادیر پایین از پارامتر Q1 (بخش لبایل کادمیم) در مدل دو مرحله­ای مرتبه اول برازش داده شده بر داده­های دوفازی واجذبی کادمیم در خاک‌های تیمار شده، نشان از اثر بهینه بهسازها (به ویژه BN) در کاهش بخش قابل دسترس کادمیم نسبت به نمونه شاهد داشت. کاربرد هر سه جاذب سبب کاهش درصد نسبی دو شکل متحرک تبادلی و کربناتی شده بود که این کاهش در خاک­های تیمار شده با BN (سطوح 2 و 4%) به صورت مشهودی بیش از سایر تیمارها بود. کاهش فاکتور تحرک کادمیم از 2/68% در نمونه شاهد به 51/35، 83/43 و 1/54% (میانگین سه سطح) به ترتیب در نمونه­های تیمار شده با BN، B و R نشان از اثربخشی بالای بیوچارهای پوشش ­داده شده در تثبیت کادمیم نسبت به B و R داشت. بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، بیوچارهای پوشش داده شده با نانوذرات آهن صفرظرفیتی، به دلیل تجمیع فرایندهای تثبیت دو ماده بیوچار (فرایندهای تبادل یونی، کمپلکس سطحی و رسوب سطحی یا رسوب مجدد) و نانوذرات آهن صفر ظرفیتی (فرایندهای جذب و تشکیل کمپلکس)، راندمان بالاتری در کاهش واجذبی و تحرک کادمیم در خاک آهکی مورد مطالعه نسبت به بیوچارهای غیرپوشش داده شده، نشان دادند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Cadmium Behavior in a Calcareous Soil as Affected by Walnut-Shell Residues Biochars Coated by Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron

نویسنده [English]

  • Mahboub Saffari
Assistant Professor of Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
چکیده [English]

Using biochar surfaces as a suitable substrate for placing nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI), in addition to increase the stability and reduce the agglomeration of these nanoparticles, could improve the biochar sorption mechanisms for various pollutants in environment. In this research, walnut-shell residues (R), walnut-shell residues biochar(B), and walnut-shell residues biochar coated by nZNI (BN) were applied to a Cd-spiked (200 mg Cd kg-1 soil) calcareous soil at three levels (0.5, 2, and 4%); and after incubation process (90 days), soil Cd behavior was examined using desorption kinetic and chemical fractionation experiments. The results showed that application of BN compared with two other amendments significantly reduced Cd desorption (59.69%, 80.16% and 80.5%, respectively, at 0.5, 2 and 4% levels) compared to the control sample. The low values ​​of the Q1 parameter (labile form of Cd) in two-step first-order reactions model fitted on Cd two-phase desorption data in treated soils indicated the positive effect of amendments (in particular BN) on reducing the available Cd compared to the control sample. Application of all three amendments had reduced the relative percentage of carbonate and exchangeable forms, as these reductions in BN-treated soils (2 and 4% levels) were obviously more than the other treatments. Reduction of Cd mobility factor from 68.2% (in control sample) to 35.51, 43.83 and 54.1% in BN-, B-, and R-treated samples, respectively, showed the high effectiveness of BN as compared to B and R treated soils. Based on the results of this study, the biochars coated with nZVI, due to the integration of stabilization mechanisms of biochar (processes of ionic exchange, superficial complexes and surface precipitation or co-perception) and nZVI (processes of sorption and complex formation), showed a higher efficiency on Cd stabilization in soil samples compared to the none-coated biochar and raw organic residues.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Coated biochar
  • Cadmium
  • Desorption
  • Chemical forms

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 50، شماره 6
آبان 1398
صفحه 1437-1451

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