The combined effect of crusting and surface cracking on the of the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Teacher tuition Payam Noor University Qom

2 University of Zanjan

Abstract

Many soils in arid and semiarid regions have crust and crack that have great effect on soil hydraulic conductivity. For this purpose in this study, to study the changes in the density of seams, formed crust and the impact of this phenomenons on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil will be discussed. Experiment was conducted in three soil textures (clay, loam and sandy clay loam) and four continuing (15, 30, 45, 60 minute) rainfall and at 8 reps. Based on results, sandy clay Loam soil was the lowest amount of saturated hydraulic conductivity (21.02 cm/h). Due to this issue was diagnosed higher crust thickness (3.16 mm) and less crack dense (1.92m/m2) in sandy clay loam soil than clay and loam soil. In clay soil, Due to higher linear expansion coefficient of crack density was highest. This issue was cause increased the hydraulic conductivity of this soil than the sample before rainfall.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Asadi, H., Mahmoud, n. And Heidari, or. 2007. Surface Sealing Formation effect on the dynamics of sheet erosion. Tenth Congress of Soil Science. Karaj, 1148-1149.
Assouline, S. (2004). Rainfall-induced soil surface sealing: a critical review of observations, conceptual models and solutions. Vadose Zone Journal, 3: 570–591.
Assouline, S. and Mualem, Y. (2002). Infiltration during soil sealing: The effect of areal heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties. Water Resour. Res. 38(12). doi: 10.1029/2001WR001168.
Ben-Hur, M, Shainberg, I, Bakker D, and Keren, R. (1985). Effect of soil texture and CaCO3 content on water infiltration in crusted soils as related to water salinity. Irrigation Science, 6, 281–284.
Ben-Hur, M. (2008). Seal Formation Effects on Soil Infiltration and Runoff in Arid and Semiarid Regions under Rainfall and Sprinkler Irrigation Conditions. Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan. 429-452.
Bhardwaj, A.K. McLaughlin, R.A. and Levy, G.J. (2010). Depositional seals in polyacrylamide–amended soils of varying clay mineralogy and texture. Journal of Soils Sediments, 10: 494–504.
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 54, 464-465.
Bower, C. A. (1952). Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Science, 73:251-261.
Bu, C.F., Gale, W.J., Cai, Q.G and Wu, S.F. (2013). Process and Mechanism for the Development of Physical Crusts in Three Typical Chinese Soils. Pedosphere. 23(3), 321–332.
Cary, J. and Evans, D.D. (1974). Soil crust. University of Arizona. Tucson. Tech. Bull No. 214.
Chapman, H. D. and Pratt, P. F. (1978). Methods of analysis for soils, plants and waters. Division of agricultural sciences. University of California, USA.
Christiansen, J.E. (1942). Irrigation by sprinkling. California Agriculture. University of California, Berkeley. Exp. Stn. Bull. 670.
Darkhal, .r. And Ahmad Ali. 2011. Susceptibility Index Surface Sealing Formation. Iranian Soil Science Congress, Tabriz.
Dasog, G.S., Acton, D. F., Mermut, A. R. and De Jong, E. (1988). Shrink swell potential and cracking in clay soils of Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 68, 251–260.
Edwards, W.M. and Larson, W.E. (1969). Infiltration of water into soils as influenced by surface seal development. Transactions of the ASAE. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 12(4): 463–470.
Fox, D.M. and Le Bissonnais, Y. (1998). Process-based analysis of aggregate stability effects on sealing, infiltration, and interrill erosion. Society of America Journal, 62: 717-724.
Golchin, A., P. Clarke, J.M. Oades, and Skjemstad,J.O. (1995). The effects of cultivation on the composition of organic matter and structural stability of soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 33: 975-993.
He, J., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Ruan, X.-c. (2015). Effects of leachate infiltration and desiccation cracks on hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay, Water Science and Engineering, doi: 10.1016/j.wse.04.004.
Hoogmoed, W.B. and Bouma, J. (1980). A simulation model for predicting infiltration into cracked clay soil. Society of America Journal, 44: 458–461.
Hudson, N.W. (1964). The flour pellet method for measuring the size of rain drops. Research Bulletin. No.4, Dept. Conservation and Extension, Salisbury, Rhodesia.
Kay, B.P. and Angers, D. A. (1999). Soil structure. In: M.E. Sumner (ed.). Handbook of Soil Science. CRC Press, New York, A-229A-269.
Kuhn, N.J. and Bryan, R.B. (2004). Drying, soil surface condition and interrill erosion on two Ontario soils. Catena, 57, 113–133.
Le Bissonnais, Y. and Arrouays, D. (1997). Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: II. Application to humic loamy soils with various organic carbon contents. European Journal of Soil Science, 48:39-48.
Liu, C.W., Cheng, S.W., Yu, W.S. and Chen, S.K., (2003). Water infiltration rate in cracked paddy soil. Geoderma, 117: 169–181.
McCormack, D. E. and Wilding, L.P. (1975). Soil Properties Influencing Swelling in Canfield and Geeburg Soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 39(3): 496-502.
McIntyre, D.S. (1958). Permeability measurements of soil crusts formed by raindrop impact. Soil Science, 85: 261–266.
Neave, M.A. and Rayburg, S. (2007). A field investigation into the effects of progressive rainfall–induced soil seal and crust development on runoff and erosion rates: The impact of surface cover. Geomorphology, 87: 378–390.
Nelson, D. W. and Sommer, L. E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page, A. L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, 9 (2):539–579.
Page, A. L. (1987). Method of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties. Soil Science Society of American Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Peron, H., Hueckel, T., Laloui, L. and Hu, L.B. (2012). Formation of drying crack patterns in soils: a deterministic approach. Acta Geotechnica. DOI 10.1007/s11440-012-0184-5.
Ran, Q., Su, D., Li, P. and He, Z. (2012). Experimental study of the impact of rainfall characteristics on runoff generation and soil erosion. Journal of Hydrology, 424–425: 99–111.
Saeedi, a., the Ghorbani Dashtaki, n., Khalili Moghaddam, b., Khdavrdylv, h. And Moradi, F. 2014. Evaluation models in swelling soil at the Zarindasht of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province.. Journal of soil (soil science and water). a. 196-189: (1) 28.
Shainberg, I., Rhoades, L.D. and Prather, R. J. (1981). Effect of low electrolyte concentration on clay dispersion and hydraulic conductivity of a sodic soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 45: 273-277.
Soil Coservation Service, USDA. (1971). Guide for interpreting engineering uses of soil. p. 87. USDA. U.S. Government printing office, Washington, D.C.
Stolte, J. Ritsema, C.J. and de Roo, A.P.J. (1997). Effects of crust and cracks on simulated catchment discharge and soil loss. Journal of Hydrology, 195: 279–290.
Takele, M.D. and Lascano, R.J. (2012). Review Paper: Challenges and Limitations in Studying the Shrink-Swell and Crack Dynamics of Vertisol Soils. Open Journal of Soil Science. 2: 82-90.
Valentin, C. (1994). Surface crusting, runoff, and erosion on steeplands and coarse material. Soil Management Journals, 3: 285–312.
Wakindiki, I.I.C., and Ben-Hur, M. (2002). Soil mineralogy and texture effects on crust micromorphology, Infiltration and erosion. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66: 897-905.
West, L.T., Chiang, S.C. and Norton, L.D. (1992). The morphology of surface crusts. p. 73–93. In M.E. Sumner and B.A. Stewart (ed.) Soil crusting: Chemical and physical processes. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
Wu, L., Pan, L., Mitchell, J. and Sanden, B. (1999). Measuring Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity using a generalized solution for Single-Ring Infiltrometers. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63: 788-792.
Yoder, R.E. (1936). A direct method of aggregate analysis and a study of a physical nature of erosion losses. Journal of American Agronomy, 28: 337-351.
Zhang, Z.B., Zhou, H., Zhao, Q.G., Lin, H. and Peng, X. (2014). Characteristics of cracks in two paddy soils and their impacts on preferential flow. Geoderma, 228–229: 114–121.