Determine the effect of groundwater depth and salinity on its contribution to the water requirment and the growth of palm seedlings with the use of mulch

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Shahind Chamran University of Ahvaz

2 Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

3 Institute of Technical Engineering Researchs

Abstract

Shallow saline water table and reducing the quality and quantity of freshwater, is important issues of soil and water problems in some of the important the plains of. Therefore groundwater contribution to crop water use may be useful. The objectives of this study were finding the model of groundwater contribution to supply water needs of palm seedling. To obtain this goal, the experiments was performed in three replicated split-split–plot designs inclusive of 3 levels of groundwater salinity (<4, 8 and 12 dS/m), groundwater depth (60 and 90 cm) and two levels of soil surface cover (mulching with cutted leaves of date palm and no mulch). The data were analyzed and investigated using software MSTATC (V.2), Excel 2007 and SPSS.19. Results showed the mulch effect on groundwater contribution is very significant (1%). In fact, in treatments with mulch to preserve moisture in the soil and need less water, underground water contributions were also lower. The effect of groundwater salinity and depth on groundwater contribution is not significant at level 5 %. To estimate the contribution of groundwater with regard to all three of factors, 11 mathematical models were studied. The best regression by using 3 factors was multivariate linear regression with r2=0.6 and significant 0.05. Due to the the interaction of salinity and groundwater at levels above 90 percent, possibility of achieving more accurately model investigated using the new factor that results from the multiplication of these two factors. The cubic model (using new factors), was the best model for the two cases y without mulch and mulch with r2=0.76 and r2=0.94, respectively.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M.(1998).Crop evapotranspiration. FAO Irrigation and Drainage. Paper No. 56.
Alharbi, A. (2015). Effect of mulch on soil properties under organic farming conditions in center of Saudi Arabia. Journal of American Science, 11(1),108-115.
Askri, B., Ahmed, A.T., Abichou, T. and R. Bouhlila. (2014). Effects of shallow water table, salinity and frequency of irrigation water on the date palm water use. Journal of Hydrology, 513, 81–90.
Anonymous. .(2007). Evaluation of date residues as mulch. UAE. Environmental & Agriculural Information Center. http:// www. uae. gov. ae/ uaeagricent
Ayars, J.E., Hutmacher, R.B., Schoneman, R.A., Soppe, R.W.O., Vail, S.S. and F. Dale. (1999). Realizing the potential integrated irrigation and drainage water management for meeting crop water requirements in semi-arid and arid areas. Irrig. Drain. Syst. 13, 321–347.
Battiliani, A., Anconelli, S. and G. Guidoboni. (2004). Water table level effect on the water balance and yield of two pear rootstock. IVth Is on Irrigation of Hort. Crops. Ed. R.L.Synder. Acta Hort-664, ISHS. 47-54.
Ben Aïssa, L., Bouarfa, S. and A. Perrier. (2008). Utilisation de la mesure thermique du flux de sève pour l’évaluation de la transpiration d’un palmier dattier. Economies d’eau en systèmes irrigués au Maghreb. Actes du quatrième atelier régional du projet Sirma.
Bernstein, L. and Francios, L. E. (1973).Leaching requirement studies: sensitivity of alfalfa to salinity of irrigation and drainage waters. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 37, 931-943.
Bingham, F. T. and Garber, M. J. (1970). Zonal salinization of the root system with NaCl and boron in relation to growth and water uptake of corn plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 34, 122-126.
Boland, A.M., Yerie, P.H., Mitchell, P.D., Irvine, J.L. and N. Nardella.(1996).The effect of a saline and non-saline water table on peach tree water use, growth, productivity and ion uptake. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 47,121-139
Cooper, D.J., Sanderson, J.S., Stannard, D.I. and D.P. Groeneveld. (2006). Effects of long-term water table drawdown on evapotranspiration and vegetation in an arid region phreatophyte community. Journal of Hydrology, 325, 21-34.
Daddi Bouhoun, M., Marlet, S., Brinis, L., Saker, M.L., Rabier, J. and M. Cote. (2011). A survey of the combined effects of waterlogging and salinity on fruit yield in the date palm groves of the Wargla basin, Algeria. Fruits. 66(1), 11-24.
Elkhoumsi, W., Hammani, A. , Bouarfa, S., Kuper, M., Hassan, I., Umr G-eau, I. and C. Umr G-eau. (2015). Contribution of saline groundwater table to date palm water use in oases area. ICID .26th ERC& 66th IEC.
Hutmacher, R.B., Ayars, J.E., Vail, S.S., Bravo, A.D., Dettinger, D. and R.A. Schoneman. (1996).Uptake of shallow groundwater by cotton: growth stage, groundwater salinity effects in column lysimeters. Agric.Water Manag. 31, 205–223.
Kahlown, M. A., Ashraf, M. and Zia-ul-Haq. (2005). Effect of shallow groundwater table on crop water requirements and crop yields. Agri. Wat. Manage. 76, 24–35
Kang, Sh., Zhang, F., Hu, X., Jerie, P. and L. Zhang. (2001). Effects of shallow water table on capillary contribution evapotranspiration, and crop coefficient of maize and winter wheat in a semi-arid region. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52(3), 317-327.
Konukcu, F. and M. Sener. (2002). Prediction saline water table contribution to crop evapotranspiration. Proceeding international symposium on techniques to control salination for horticultural productivity (Eds. U. Aksoy et al.). Acta Hort. 573, 211-217.
Liu, T. and Y. Luo. (2011). Effects of shallow water tables on the water use and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rain-fed condition. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5(13) ,1692-1697.
Moor R.D. (2004).Construction of a Mariotte bottle for constant rate tracer injection into small streams. Streamline Watershed Management Bulletin, 8(1):15-16.
Noori, H.(2006) Groundwater irrigation and water table depth effect on alfalfa yield and reduce nitrate in drainage water at Karaj climate. Ms. Thesis. Tehran University (at pension).
Grismer, M.E., and T.K. Gates. (1988). Estimating saline water table contribution to crop water use. Calif. Agric. 42, 3–24.
Rhoades, J.D., Kandiah, A. and A. M. Mashali. (1992).The use of saline waters for crop production. FAO. Irrigation and Drainage. Paper48. Rome. 
Ramoilya, P.J. and A.N.D. Pandey( 2003) Soil salinity and water status effect growth of Phoenix dactylifera seedlings. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 31, 345-353.
Sepaskhah, A.R., Kanooni, A. and M.M. Ghasemi (2003).  Estimating water table contributions to corn and sorghum water use. Agric. water manag. 58, 67-79.
Sepaskhah, A.R. and Sh. Karimi-Goghari (2005). Shallow groundwater contribution to pistachio water use. Agric. water manag. 72, 69-80.
Shalhevent, J. and Bernstein, L. (1968). Effects of vertically heterogeneous soil salinity on plant growth and water uptake. Soil Sci. 106: 85-93.
Villalobos, A., Ortiz, R.A., Echandi, C. and H. Le. Mulch(2004).Antitranspirant application for water conservation in oil palm plantations in Costa Rica. ASD oil palm papers, number 6(199). 6 pp.
Yang, J., Li, B. and L. Shiping.(2000). A large weighing lysimeter for evapotranspiration and soil-water–groundwater exchange studies. Hydrological Processes. 14(10), 1887-1897.
Yang, F., Zhang, G., Yin, X., Liu, Zh. and Zh. Huang. (2011). Study on capillary rise from shallow groundwater and critical water table depth of a saline-sodic soil in western Songnen plain of China. Environ Earth Sci. DOI 10.1007/s12665-011-1038-4.
Zeineldin, F.I. and Y.J. Aldakheel. (2010).Evaluation contribution of ground shallow water table to irrigation of date palm trees under irrigation reduction in Saudi Arabia. International conferences on chemistry and chemical engineering (ICCCE). 1-3 Aug.