Synthesis of Nano and Micro-Organobentonite Using Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide and Evaluation of Their Absorption Efficiency and Release of Nitrate in Aqueous Solution

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 1. M.Sc. Student, Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University

2 Shahed University

3 Assist. Prof., Department of Plant Breeding and Biothecnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University

Abstract

Organoclays are natural clay minerals modified through polymer compounds and applied for especial purposes. By being done so, the clay layers are permanently propped with high surface areas in the interlayers. The objective followed in this study was to find out the absorption efficiency and release of nitrate in aqueous solutions through modified Iranian bentonite (Arak). Micro and nano-bentonites were first modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, a cationic surfactant. The adsorption efficiencies within 0, 3, 6, 9, 14, 20, 30 and 40 mM nitrate (by modified micro and nano-organobentonite particles) in surfactant loadings of 100 and 200% CEC were investigated in a completely randomized factorial design. Furthermore, to identity the stability of adsorbed nitrate by modified bentonite, the nitrate desorption process was performed at nitrate concentrations of 6 and 20 mM within 15, 30, 45 minutes and in 1, 2, 8 and 16 hours in a completely randomized factorial design. The results indicated that absorption efficiency of nitrate by nano-organobentonite with surfactant loading of 200% CEC in 3, 6, 9, 14, 20, 30 and 40 mM nitrate were 96, 94, 91, 90, 84, 76 and 68%,  whereas in micro-organobentonite were 87, 92, 89, 86, 74, 80 and 68% respectively. The results finally revealed that concentration of surfactant was significant on adsorption and release of nitrate (p≤0.01), but the size particles was not significant (p≤0.01). Nano-bentonite in 200% CEC of HDTMA and low concentration of nitrate benefits from a highest adsorption efficiency (96%) with minimum release of  3.7%.

Akbarzadeh, A., Manshori, M., Bashiri, S. and Moradi, M. (2011). Evaluation of efficacy modified bentonite to reduce phosphorus from aqueous solutions. International Conference on Water and Wastewater.26-28 April, 2011, pp.9-14.
Armstrong , G.A. (1963). Determination of intrate in water by ultraviolet Spectrophotometry . Anal. chem., 35:1292.
Aroke, U.O., El-Nafaty, U.A, and Osha, O.A. (2014). Removal of oxyanion contaminents from wastewater by sorptio on to HDTMA-Br surface modified organo-kaolinit clay. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,4(1) 475-484.
Azam, N., Eslamian, S., Gheisari, M., and Abedi-Koupani, J. (2013). Reduce nitrate from aqueous solution using surfactant-modified bentonite.  1st national conference planning, conservation, environmental protection and sustainable development, 3 Dec., Shahid Mofateh University of Hamadan.
Bhattacharya, S., and Aadhar, M. (2014). Studies on Preparation and analysis of Organoclay Nano Particles. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences, 10-16.
Bakhtyari, S., Shirvani, M., and Sharyatmadari, H. (2014). Effect of modified Bentonite clay to reduce leaching of 2,4D herbicide. 1st National Conference on Sustainable Management of Soil and Environmental Resources, 10-11 Sep., Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.
Bagherifam, A., S., Komarneni, S., Lakzian, A., Fotovati, A., Khorasani, R., Huang, W., Wang, Y. (2014). Highly selective removal of nitrate and perchlorate by organoclay. Applied clay science. No. 6, 126-132.
Boyd, S.A., and Jaynes, W.F. 1994. Role of layer charge in organic contaminant sorption by organoclays. P. 48-77. In A.R. Mermut (ed.) Layer charge characteristics of 2:1 silicate clay minerals. Vol. 6. The Clay Minerals Society, Boulder, CO.
Cho, H.H., Lee, T., Hwang, S.j., and Park, J.W. (2005). Iron and organo-bentonite for the reduction and sorption. Chemosphere, 58(1):103-108.
Gunay, A., Arslankaya, E., and Tosun, I. (2007). Lead removal from aqueous solution by natural and pretreated clinoptilolite: Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics, J. Hazard. Mater. 146(1–2), 362–371.
Hrenovic, R., Sekovanic, and An.(2008). Interaction of surfactant-modified zeolites and phosphate accumulating bacteria. J. Hazard. Mater. 156(1-3): 576-582.
Jaynes, W.F., and Boyd S.A. 1991a. Clay mineral type and organic compound sorption by hexadecyltrimethylammonium-exchanged clays, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:43-48.
Jaynes, W.F., and Boyd S.A. 1991b. Hydrophobicity of siloxane surfaces in smectites as evealed by aromatic hydrocarbon adsorption from water. Clays Clay Minerals. 39:428-436.
Kittrick, J.A., and Hope, E.W. (1963). A procedure for particle size separations of soils for x-ray diffraction analysis. Soil science, 96(5)319-325.
Lee, J., Choi, J., and Park, J.W. (2002). Simultaneous sorption of lead and chlorobenzene by organobentonite. Chemosphere, 49, 1309–1315.
Li, Z. (2003). Use of surfactant-modified zeolite as fertilizer carrier sto control nitrate release.Micropor. Mesopor.
Mat. 61(1-3): 181-188.
Li, Z., and Bowman, R.S. (1998). sorption of choromate and PCE by surfactant-modified clay minerals.Environmental Engineering Science, 15 (3), 237-245
Li, Z. (1999). Sorption Kinetics of Hexadecyltrimethylammonium on Natural Clinoptilolite. Langmuir, 1999, 15 (19), pp 6438–6445
Lima-Guerra, D., Mello, I., Resende, R., and Silva, R. (2014). Use of Bentonite and Organobentonite as Alternatives of Partial Substitution of Cement in Concrete Manufacturing. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 15-26.
Mahdavi Mazde, A., Liaghat, A., and Sheikh mohamadi, Y. (2011). Nitrate Removal from agricultural wastes using modified zeolite. IWRJ, 117-124. (In Farsi)
Malakootian, M., Yousefi, N., and Jafarzade, N. (2010). Kinetics modeling and isotherm for adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution by modified clinoptilolite. Journal of Water and Soil, 21-29. (In Farsi)
Malekian, R., Abedi-Koupai, J., and Eslamian, S. S. (2013). Ion-Exchange Process for nitrate removal and release using surfactant modified zeolite. Sci. and Technol. Agric. and Natur. Resour. Water and Soil Sci., 190-202. (In Farsi)
Malla, P.B. (2002). Vermiculite. pp. 501-530. In J. B. Dixon and D. G. Schulze (ed.) Soil mineralogy with environmental application. Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Nabizadeh, R., Mahdavi, A. H., Ghadiri, S., Nasseri, S., Mesdaghinia, A., and Abouee, A. (2012). MTBE adsorption on Surfactant-Modified Zeolites from aqueous solutions. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 4(3):493, 483-492.(In Farsi)
Nawani, P., Desai, P., Lundwall, M., Gelfer M.Y., Hsiao, B.S. Rafailovich, M., Frenkel, A., Tsou, A.H., Gilman, J.W., and  Khalid, S.  (2007). Polymer nanocomposites based on transition metal ion modified organoclay. Polymer, 48 (3), 827-840.
Pernyeszi, T., Kasteel, R., Witthuhn, B., Klahre, P., Vereecken, H., and Klumpp, E. (2006). Organoclays for soil remediation: Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol on organoclay/aquifer material mixtures studiedunder static and flow conditions. Applied Clay Science.,32; 179-189.
Rafiei, H., Shirvani, M., and Behzad, T. (2014). Performance of Cationic Surfactant Modified Sepiolite and Bentonite in Lead Sorption from Aqueous Solutions. Journal of Water and Soil, 28(4), 818-835.(In Farsi).
Ranjbaran, M., Lancarani, M., and Zamanzade, M. (2013), Applied clay mineralogy. Tehran Un. Press, 187p. (Translated in Persian).
Reid-Soukup, D. A. and Ulery, A. L. (2002). Smectite. pp. 467-500. In J. B. Dixon and D. G. Schulze (ed.) Soil mineralogy with environmental application. Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Rhoades, J. D. (1982). Cation-exchange capacity. pp. 149-157. In A. L. Page et al. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.
Sheng, G., Xu, S., and Boyd, S. 1996. Mechanism(s) controlling sorption of neutral organic contaminants by surfactant-derived and natural organic matter. Environental  Science Technology, 30:1553-1557.
Shokouh Saljoghi, Z., malekpour, A., Rafiee, G., Imani, A., and Bakhtiary, M. (2010). Removal of Nitrite and Nitrate from Recirculation Aquaculture System Effluent (RAS) by Modified Bentonites. J. of Water and Wastewater, 46-54. (In Farsi)
Wang , Y., Liu , S., Xu,, Z., Han, T., Chuan, S., and Zhu, T. (2007). Ammonia removal from leachate solution using natural Chinese clinoptilolite. J. Hazard Mater, 136(3):735-740.
Xi, Y., Mallavarapu, M., and Naidu, R. (2010). Preparation, characterization of surfactants modified clay minerals and nitrate adsorption. Applied Clay Science, 48: 92–96
Xu, L., Zhanga, M., and Zhu, L. (2014). Adsorption–desorption behavior of naphthalene onto CDMBA modified bentonite: Contribution of the π–π interaction. Applied Clay Science, 100: 29-34.
Xu, S., and Boyd, S.A. 1994. Cation exchange chemistry of hexadecyltrimethylammonium in a subsoil containing vermiculite. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:1382-1391
Zhu, R., Zhu, L. Zhu, J., Ge, F. and Wang, T. (2009). Sorption of naphthalene and phosphate to the CTMAB–Al13 intercalated bentonites. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 168: 1590–1594.
 



 
 

Keywords

References

Akbarzadeh, A., Manshori, M., Bashiri, S. and Moradi, M. (2011). Evaluation of efficacy modified bentonite to reduce phosphorus from aqueous solutions. International Conference on Water and Wastewater.26-28 April, 2011, pp.9-14.
Armstrong , G.A. (1963). Determination of intrate in water by ultraviolet Spectrophotometry . Anal. chem., 35:1292.
Aroke, U.O., El-Nafaty, U.A, and Osha, O.A. (2014). Removal of oxyanion contaminents from wastewater by sorptio on to HDTMA-Br surface modified organo-kaolinit clay. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 4(1) 475-484.
Azam, N., Eslamian, S., Gheisari, M., and Abedi-Koupani, J. (2013). Reduce nitrate from aqueous solution using surfactant-modified bentonite.  1st national conference planning, conservation, environmental protection and sustainable development, 3 Dec., Shahid Mofateh University of Hamadan.
Bhattacharya, S., and Aadhar, M. (2014). Studies on Preparation and analysis of Organoclay Nano Particles. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences, 10-16.
Bakhtyari, S., Shirvani, M., and Sharyatmadari, H. (2014). Effect of modified Bentonite clay to reduce leaching of 2,4D herbicide. 1st National Conference on Sustainable Management of Soil and Environmental Resources, 10-11 Sep., Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.
Bagherifam, A., S., Komarneni, S., Lakzian, A., Fotovati, A., Khorasani, R., Huang, W., Wang, Y. (2014). Highly selective removal of nitrate and perchlorate by organoclay. Applied clay science. No. 6, 126-132.
Boyd, S.A., and Jaynes, W.F. 1994. Role of layer charge in organic contaminant sorption by organoclays. P. 48-77. In A.R. Mermut (ed.) Layer charge characteristics of 2:1 silicate clay minerals. Vol. 6. The Clay Minerals Society, Boulder, CO.
Cho, H.H., Lee, T., Hwang, S.j., and Park, J.W. (2005). Iron and organo-bentonite for the reduction and sorption. Chemosphere, 58(1):103-108.
Gunay, A., Arslankaya, E., and Tosun, I. (2007). Lead removal from aqueous solution by natural and pretreated clinoptilolite: Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics, J. Hazard. Mater. 146(1–2), 362–371.
Hrenovic, R., Sekovanic, and An.(2008). Interaction of surfactant-modified zeolites and phosphate accumulating bacteria. J. Hazard. Mater. 156(1-3): 576-582.
Jaynes, W.F., and Boyd S.A. 1991a. Clay mineral type and organic compound sorption by hexadecyltrimethylammonium-exchanged clays, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:43-48.
Jaynes, W.F., and Boyd S.A. 1991b. Hydrophobicity of siloxane surfaces in smectites as evealed by aromatic hydrocarbon adsorption from water. Clays Clay Minerals. 39:428-436.
Kittrick, J.A., and Hope, E.W. (1963). A procedure for particle size separations of soils for x-ray diffraction analysis. Soil science, 96(5)319-325.
Lee, J., Choi, J., and Park, J.W. (2002). Simultaneous sorption of lead and chlorobenzene by organobentonite. Chemosphere, 49, 1309–1315.
Li, Z. (2003). Use of surfactant-modified zeolite as fertilizer carrier sto control nitrate release. Micropor. Mesopor.
Mat. 61(1-3): 181-188.
Li, Z., and Bowman, R.S. (1998). sorption of choromate and PCE by surfactant-modified clay minerals. Environmental Engineering Science, 15 (3), 237-245
Li, Z. (1999). Sorption Kinetics of Hexadecyltrimethylammonium on Natural Clinoptilolite. Langmuir, 1999, 15 (19), pp 6438–6445
Lima-Guerra, D., Mello, I., Resende, R., and Silva, R. (2014). Use of Bentonite and Organobentonite as Alternatives of Partial Substitution of Cement in Concrete Manufacturing. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 15-26.
Mahdavi Mazde, A., Liaghat, A., and Sheikh mohamadi, Y. (2011). Nitrate Removal from agricultural wastes using modified zeolite. IWRJ, 117-124. (In Farsi)
Malakootian, M., Yousefi, N., and Jafarzade, N. (2010). Kinetics modeling and isotherm for adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution by modified clinoptilolite. Journal of Water and Soil, 21-29. (In Farsi)
Malekian, R., Abedi-Koupai, J., and Eslamian, S. S. (2013). Ion-Exchange Process for nitrate removal and release using surfactant modified zeolite. Sci. and Technol. Agric. and Natur. Resour. Water and Soil Sci., 190-202. (In Farsi)
Malla, P.B. (2002). Vermiculite. pp. 501-530. In J. B. Dixon and D. G. Schulze (ed.) Soil mineralogy with environmental application. Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Nabizadeh, R., Mahdavi, A. H., Ghadiri, S., Nasseri, S., Mesdaghinia, A., and Abouee, A. (2012). MTBE adsorption on Surfactant-Modified Zeolites from aqueous solutions. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 4(3):493, 483-492.(In Farsi)
Nawani, P., Desai, P., Lundwall, M., Gelfer M.Y., Hsiao, B.S. Rafailovich, M., Frenkel, A., Tsou, A.H., Gilman, J.W., and  Khalid, S.  (2007). Polymer nanocomposites based on transition metal ion modified organoclay. Polymer, 48 (3), 827-840.
Pernyeszi, T., Kasteel, R., Witthuhn, B., Klahre, P., Vereecken, H., and Klumpp, E. (2006). Organoclays for soil remediation: Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol on organoclay/aquifer material mixtures studiedunder static and flow conditions. Applied Clay Science.,32; 179-189.
Rafiei, H., Shirvani, M., and Behzad, T. (2014). Performance of Cationic Surfactant Modified Sepiolite and Bentonite in Lead Sorption from Aqueous Solutions. Journal of Water and Soil, 28(4), 818-835.(In Farsi).
Ranjbaran, M., Lancarani, M., and Zamanzade, M. (2013), Applied clay mineralogy. Tehran Un. Press, 187p. (Translated in Persian).
Reid-Soukup, D. A. and Ulery, A. L. (2002). Smectite. pp. 467-500. In J. B. Dixon and D. G. Schulze (ed.) Soil mineralogy with environmental application. Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Rhoades, J. D. (1982). Cation-exchange capacity. pp. 149-157. In A. L. Page et al. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.
Sheng, G., Xu, S., and Boyd, S. 1996. Mechanism(s) controlling sorption of neutral organic contaminants by surfactant-derived and natural organic matter. Environental  Science Technology, 30:1553-1557.
Shokouh Saljoghi, Z., malekpour, A., Rafiee, G., Imani, A., and Bakhtiary, M. (2010). Removal of Nitrite and Nitrate from Recirculation Aquaculture System Effluent (RAS) by Modified Bentonites. J. of Water and Wastewater, 46-54. (In Farsi)
Wang , Y., Liu , S., Xu,, Z., Han, T., Chuan, S., and Zhu, T. (2007). Ammonia removal from leachate solution using natural Chinese clinoptilolite. J. Hazard Mater, 136(3):735-740.
Xi, Y., Mallavarapu, M., and Naidu, R. (2010). Preparation, characterization of surfactants modified clay minerals and nitrate adsorption. Applied Clay Science, 48: 92–96
Xu, L., Zhanga, M., and Zhu, L. (2014). Adsorption–desorption behavior of naphthalene onto CDMBA modified bentonite: Contribution of the π–π interaction. Applied Clay Science, 100: 29-34.
Xu, S., and Boyd, S.A. 1994. Cation exchange chemistry of hexadecyltrimethylammonium in a subsoil containing vermiculite. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:1382-1391
Zhu, R., Zhu, L. Zhu, J., Ge, F. and Wang, T. (2009). Sorption of naphthalene and phosphate to the CTMAB–Al13 intercalated bentonites. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 168: 1590–1594.
 
 
 
 
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 48, Issue 2
August 2017
Pages 405-415

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